Risk prediction model for distinguishing Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteremia based on age and cytokine levels: A retrospective study

Table 1 Basic characteristics of Gram-positive and Gram-negative infection groups

Variable	G+, n = 52	G-, n = 78	P value
Male	38 (35.2)	50 (52.8)	0.284
Female	14 (16.8)	28 (25.8)
Age in yr	53.00 (36.25, 60.75)	56.00 (46.50, 71.25)	0.025
APACHE II	19.00 (16.00, 23.00)	19.00 (17.00, 25.00)	0.194
SOFA	5.00 (3.00, 6.00)	5.00 (4.00, 7.00)	0.243
IL-2 in pg/mL	0.12 (0.00, 0.63)	0.36 (0.00, 1.15)	0.017
IL-4 in pg/mL	0.15 (0.00, 0.71)	0.55 (0.00, 1.10)	0.057
IL-6 in pg/mL	31.68 (18.87, 82.93)	297.41 (95.40, 1532.49)	< 0.001
IL-10 in pg/mL	9.64 (5.81, 18.67)	32.67 (10.39, 18.07)	< 0.001
TNF-α in pg/mL	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)	0.00 (0.00, 0.67)	0.002
IFN-γ in pg/mL	0.16 (0.00, 0.78)	0.23 (0.00, 1.38)	0.123
Fungal D in pg/mL	35.81 (10.00, 219.23)	93.02 (10.00, 259.73)	0.257
PCT in ng/mL	1.42 (0.31, 12.56)	3.79 (1.40, 18.68)	0.04
ALT in U/L	43.00 (24.25, 125.25)	35.30 (17.75, 74.00)	0.067
AST in U/L	68.00 (39.25, 208.75)	65.00 (27.50, 173.75)	0.035
TBIL in μmol/L	15.650 (10.875, 24.750)	19.650 (13.070, 29.600)	0.034
DBIL in μmol/L	5.700 (3.425, 10.375)	7.800 (4.100, 14.050)	0.024
IBIL in μmol/L	8.750 (6.625, 13.725)	11.550 (7.770, 14.630)	0.094
ALB in g/L	28.050 (25.500, 32.525)	28.250 (25.170, 32.920)	0.968
GLB in g/L	22.850 (19.175, 26.800)	21.950 (18.750, 26.725)	0.714
PA in mg/L	114.00 (70.00, 148.25)	91.50 (59.50, 120.50)	0.047
Urea in mmol/L	8.350 (5.898, 14.528)	8.630 (5.270, 13.970)	0.887
Cr in μmol/L	77.00 (60.25, 147.25)	82.50 (61.75, 134.25)	0.960
CysC in mg/L	1.165 (0.863, 1.613)	1.180 (0.900, 1.640)	0.621
GLU in mmol/L	8.06 (6.11, 10.49)	8.30 (6.55, 10.73)	0.684
CRP in mg/L	154.55 (129.80, 176.40)	167.40 (128.07, 185.93)	0.155
WBC as 109	13.17 (7.73, 19.22)	14.15 (9.93, 17.77)	0.378
NEUT	0.870 (0.820, 0.918)	0.890 (0.850, 0.930)	0.168
LYMPH	0.07 (0.04, 0.11)	0.55 (0.03, 0.08)	0.076
HGB in g/L	98.00 (79.00, 115.70)	97.00 (86.75, 107.50)	0.732
HCT in L/L	0.29 (0.24, 0.35)	0.29 (0.26, 0.33)	0.730
PLT as 1012	134.00 (75.00, 225.75)	117.00 (57.50, 212.75)	0.626
INR	1.04 (0.93, 1.16)	1.04 (0.95, 1.31)	0.379
PT	96.90 (83.05, 114.38)	97.00 (69.40, 113.00)	0.382
APTT	36.10 (28.75, 44.20)	36.50 (30.00, 48.65)	0.460

ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; Cr: Creatinine; CRP: C-reactive protein; CysC: Cystatin C; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; G^-: Gram-negative; G⁺: Gram-positive; GLB: Globulin; GLU: Glucose; HCT: Hematocrit; HGB: Hemoglobin; IBIL: Indirect bilirubin; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; INR: International normalized ratio; LYMPH: Lymphocyte; NEUT: Neutrophil; PA: Prealbumin; PCT: Procalcitonin; PLT: Platelet; PT: Prothrombin time; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; TBIL: Total bilirubin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; WBC: White blood cell.

Table 2 Variables included in the multivariate logistic regression model for distinguishing between Gram-positive and Gram-negative infection

Variable	Prediction model
	β	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Age	-0.026	0.951-0.999	0.040
IL-6 in pg/mL	-0.002	0.997-0.999	0.009
AST in U/L	0.001	1.000-1.002	0.070

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CI: Confidence interval; IL-6: Interleukin 6.