Is fascial closure required for a 12-mm trocar? A comparative study on trocar site hernia with long-term follow up

Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics

	Closed (n = 70)	Open (n = 184)	P value
Age	63 ± 12	63 ± 11	0.461
Male sex	38 (54.3)	100 (54.3)	0.993
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23 ± 3	24 ± 4	0.024
Diabetes mellitus	12 (17.1)	44 (23.9)	0.245
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 138)	3 (7.9)	9 (9.0)	1.000
ASA classification			0.634
1	13 (18.6)	29 (15.8)
2	47 (67.1)	120 (65.2)
3	10 (14.3)	35 (19.0)
Modified CCI score	4 (3.6)	4 (3.6)	0.958
Albumin ≥ 3 g/dL	59 (85.5)	156 (88.1)	0.581
Creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL	2 (2.9)	5 (2.7)	1.000
Disease diagnosis			0.327
Benign	0 (0)	5 (2.7)
Malignancy	70 (100)	179 (97.3)
Operations			0.193
Right hemicolectomy	7 (10)	28 (15.2)
Left hemicolectomy	29 (41.4)	57 (31.0)
Subtotal colectomy	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
LAR/APR	32 (45.7)	97 (52.7)
Total proctocolectomy	1 (1.4)	0 (0)
Others	1 (1.4)	1 (0.5)
Numbers of 12-mm port per person			0.511
1	29 (41.4)	90 (48.9)
2	41 (58.6)	93 (50.5)
3	0 (0)	1 (0.5)

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; LAR: Laparoscopic anterior resection; APR: Abdomen perineal resection.

Table 2 Clinical data of three patients with trocar sire hernia

	Age	BMI	ASA	Alb	Cr	Disease location	Operation	Drain	Time to diagnosis	Treatment
1	77	19.9	3	2.9	2.4	Rectosigmoid	HALS	No	34 mo	None
2	59	29.7	2	4.3	0.5	Sigmoid	Laparoscopic	RLQ	13 mo	Open repair
3	72	23.4	3	4.6	1.3	Sigmoid	HALS	RLQ	31 mo	None

BMI: Body mass index (kg/m²); Alb: Serum albumin level (g/dL); Cr: Serum creatinine level (mg/dL); HALS: Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery; RLQ: Right lower quadrant.

Table 3 Secondary outcomes

	Closed (n = 70)	Open (n = 184)	P value
Operative time (minute)	170 (110, 240)	123 (100, 185)	0.004
Estimated blood loss (mL)	50 (30, 11)	30 (20, 100)	0.011
Length of hospital stay (day)	5 (5, 7)	5 (4, 6)	0.122
Complications			0.228
CD-1	6 (8.6)	9 (4.9)
CD-2	7 (10)	10 (5.4)
CD-3	2 (2.9)	3 (1.6)
CD-4, 5	0	0