Application of artificial intelligence in trauma orthopedics: Limitation and prospects

Table 1 Stated studies and comparison of performances between artificial intelligence and human experts

Ref.	Region of interest	Modality	AI performance	Human performance
Niiya et al[33], 2022	Ribs	CT	0.93 (sensitivity)	Data has not provided by the authors
Meng et al[34], 2021	Ribs	CT	0.92 (recall rate); 0.94 (precision)	0.79, 083 (recall rate of radiologist 1 & 2); 0.88 (precision of radiologist 1 & 2)
Ozkaya et al[22], 2022	Hand & Wrist (Scaphoid)	Radiographs	0.84 (AUC); 0.72 (sensitivity)	0.92, 0.76 (AUC of experienced orthopedist, and ED physician, respectively); 0.86, 0.62 (sensitivity of experienced orthopedist, and ED physician, respectively)
Oka et al[23], 2021	Hand & Wrist (Distal of radius & styloid process of the ulna)	Radiographs	0.98 ± 0.016/0.98 ± 0.018 & 0.91 ± 0.025/0.96 ± 0.035; (accuracy/sensitivity for detecting distal radius fractures & fractures of the ulnar styloid process, respectively)	Data not provided by the authors
Liu et al[24], 2021	Tibial plateau fractures	Radiographs	0.91 (accuracy)	0.92 ± 0.03 (accuracy)
Small et al[25], 2021	Vertebrae (Cervical)	CT	0.92 (accuracy); 0.79 (sensitivity); 3-8 min (report time)	0.96 (accuracy); 0.93 (sensitivity); 33-43 min (report time)
Murata et al[26], 2020	Vertebrae	Radiographs	0.86 (accuracy); 0.84 (sensitivity)	0.77, 0.88 (accuracy rate of orthopedic residents & orthopedic surgeons, respectively); 0.72, 0.77, 0.96 (sensitivity of orthopedic residents, orthopedic, surgeons & spine surgeons, respectively)
Mutasa et al[27], 2020	Femur (Femoral neck)	Radiographs	0.92 (accuracy); 0.91 (sensitivity); 0.93 (specificity)	Data not provided by the authors
Bae et al[29], 2021	Femur (Femoral neck)	Radiographs	0.98 (AUC); 0.98 (accuracy); 0.97 (sensitivity); 0.98 (specificity)	Data not provided by the authors
Jones et al[30], 2020	Various anatomic regions	Radiographs	Mean AUCs above 0.98 for most areas	Data not provided by the authors
Guermazi et al[31], 2022	Various anatomic regions	Radiographs	0.93 (AUC) 0.88 (Sensitivity); 0.88 (specificity)	0.64 ± 0.09 (sensitivity); 0.90 ± 0.08 (specificity)
Inoue et al[32], 2022	Pelvis, rib, vertebrae	CT	0.78 (sensitivity); 0.64 (accuracy)	0.69 (sensitivity of orthopedic surgeon 1); 0.67 (sensitivity of orthopedic surgeon 2); 0.76 (sensitivity of orthopedic surgeon 3)

AI: Artificial intelligence; CT: Computed tomography; AUC: Area under the curve; ED: Emergency Department.