Dexmedetomidine-induced anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement surgery

Table 1 Comparison of vital signs between the two groups (mean ± SD)

Group	n	MAP (mmHg)	SpO2 (%)	HR (beat/min)
Preoperative
Control group	49	90.02 ± 3.39	96.24 ± 3.07	88.12 ± 4.16
Observation group	49	91.12 ± 3.37	97.29 ± 2.45	87.14 ± 4.11
F value	-	2.136	1.871	1.389
P value	-	0.147	0.064	0.242
Intraoperative
Control group	49	75.61 ± 4.49a	99.63 ± 0.49a	81.59 ± 3.21a
Observation group	49	79.61 ± 3.41a	99.80 ± 0.41a	79.12 ± 3.26a
F value	-	23.995	1.863	3.779
P value	-	< 0.001	0.066	< 0.001
6 h after operation
Control group	49	82.78 ± 3.74a,d	98.49 ± 0.68a,d	86.73 ± 4.28a,d
Observation group	49	88.49 ± 4.67a,d	98.92 ± 0.28a,d	83.43 ± 3.45a,d
F value	-	46.040	10.001	4.202
P value	-	< 0.001	0.056	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs preoperative.

^dP < 0.05 vs intraoperative.

MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate; SpO₂: Blood oxygen saturation.

Table 2 Comparison of serum inflammatory factor levels between the two groups (mean ± SD, ng/L)

Group	n	CRP	TNF-α	IL-1β
Preoperative
Control group	49	3.33 ± 1.21	15.11 ± 4.20	173.55 ± 23.52
Observation group	49	3.15 ± 1.20	15.50 ± 4.03	173.15 ± 22.50
F value	-	0.562	0.220	0.086
P value	-	0.455	0.640	0.932
Intraoperative
Control group	49	15.53 ± 4.22a	53.23 ± 8.12a	199.25 ± 22.10a
Observation group	49	7.25 ± 3.20a	31.20 ± 5.21a	190.23 ± 21.33a
F value	-	119.785	255.597	4.222
P value	-	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.043
6 h after operation
Control group	49	18.25 ± 4.13a,d	60.27 ± 9.23a,d	293.25 ± 11.50a,d
Observation group	49	11.73 ± 2.50a,d	38.25 ± 8.20a,d	203.19 ± 12.37a,d
F value	-	89.449	156.076	1393.312
P value	-	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs preoperative.

^dP < 0.05 vs intraoperative.

CRP: C-reactive protein; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β.

Table 3 Comparison of renal function between two groups (mean ± SD)

Group	n	KIM-1 (ng/L)	BUN (ng/L)	Cr (μmol/L)
Preoperative
Control group	49	16.27 ± 5.11	5.20 ± 1.29	76.15 ± 11.09
Observation group	49	16.83 ± 4.07	5.29 ± 1.26	75.56 ± 12.59
t value	-	0.361	0.130	0.062
P value	-	0.549	0.720	0.804
Intraoperative
Control group	49	28.22 ± 6.55a	6.98 ± 1.22a	95.52 ± 11.51a
Observation group	49	21.09 ± 5.55a	6.07 ± 1.13a	91.12 ± 13.30a
t value	-	33.745	14.779	3.976
P value	-	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.049
6 h after operation
Control group	49	89.55 ± 8.55a,d	6.08 ± 1.23	86.05 ± 10.34a,d
Observation group	49	52.50 ± 6.76a,d	5.98 ± 1.13	81.25 ± 11.36a,d
F value	-	566.402	0.197	4.787
P value	-	< 0.001	0.658	0.031

^aP < 0.05 vs preoperative.

^dP < 0.05 vs intraoperative.

KIM-1: Serum kidney injury molecule-1; BUN: Urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine.

Table 4 Comparison of postoperative recovery between the two groups (mean ± SD)

Group	n	The first time to get out of bed (h)	II grade muscle strength recovery time (h)	III grade muscle strength recovery time (h)	Hospitalization time (d)
Control group	49	26.84 ± 8.73	20.41 ± 7.72	36.41 ± 8.71	7.94 ± 3.72
Observation group	49	20.67 ± 8.78	12.82 ± 6.48	27.61 ± 7.85	5.92 ± 3.62
t value	-	3.485	5.274	5.253	2.725
P value	-	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 5 Comparison of adverse reactions between the two groups, n (%)

Group	n	Hypotension	Bradycardia	Hypoxemia	General body movement	Total incidence of adverse reactions
Control group	49	3 (6.12)	1 (2.04)	2 (4.08)	2 (4.08)	8 (16.33)
Observation group	49	1 (2.04)	1 (2.04)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	2 (4.08)
χ2 value	-	-	-	-	-	4.009
P value	-	-	-	-	-	0.045