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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Clin Cases. May 26, 2023; 11(15): 3471-3480
Published online May 26, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i15.3471
Published online May 26, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i15.3471
Table 1 Characteristics of the patients and postpartum hemorrhage
| Characteristics | Active bleeding (+) (n = 46) | Active bleeding (-) (n = 37) | P value |
| Age (yr) | 31.74 ± 4.0 | 32.30 ± 4.8 | 0.566 |
| Maternal characteristics (%) | 0.016 | ||
| Primipara | 16 (34.8) | 23 (62.2) | |
| Multipara | 30 (65.2) | 14 (37.8) | |
| Mode of delivery (%) | 0.265 | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 17 (37.0) | 19 (51.4) | |
| Cesarean section | 29 (63.0) | 18 (48.6) | |
| Cause of PPH (%) | |||
| Atony/subinvolution | 10 (21.7) | 11 (29.7) | |
| Retained placenta | 7 (15.2) | 19 (51.4) | |
| Uterine artery injury | 2 (4.3) | ||
| Other | 1 (2.2) | ||
| Unknown | 26 (56.5) | 7 (18.9) | |
| Bleeding pattern (%) | 0.238 | ||
| Abrupt | 34 (73.9) | 22 (62.9) | |
| Intermittent | 12 (26.1) | 15 (37.1) | |
| Delivery - embolization (d) | 14.46 ± 10.9 | 19.57 ± 14.4 | 0.070 |
Table 2 Characteristics of the clinical status and peri-embolization management
| Characteristics | Active bleeding (+) (n = 46) | Active bleeding (-) (n = 37) | P value |
| Hypotension (%) | 0.123 | ||
| ≥ 90 mmHg | 23 (50.0) | 25 (52.1) | |
| < 90 mmHg | 23 (50.0) | 12 (35.3) | |
| Laboratory Findings | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 8.9 ± 1.7 | 0.446 |
| Platelet (103/μL) | 209.5 ± 78.4 | 267.0 ± 118.2 | 0.010 |
| PT (sec) | 13.3 ± 2.1 | 12.4 ± 1.4 | 0.037 |
| aPTT (sec) | 32.9 ± 8.8 | 31.2 ± 4.7 | 0.261 |
| Management (%) | 0.239 | ||
| Transfusion | 42 (64.6) | 23 (35.4) | |
| Uterotonic agents | 33 (62.3) | 20 (37.7) | |
| Vaginal packing | 9 (50.0) | 9 (50.0) | |
| Surgery | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | |
| Conservative | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) | |
| Transfusion (%) | 0.001 | ||
| No | 1 (2.2) | 11 (29.7) | |
| Yes | 45 (97.8) | 26 (70.3) | |
| PRBC (mL) | 1489.1 ± 918.8 | 830.0 ± 659.5 | 0.000 |
| FFP (mL) | 711.1 ± 1018.1 | 248.1 ± 510.0 | 0.011 |
Table 3 Details of the angiography and embolization
| Characteristics | Active bleeding (+) (n = 46) | Active bleeding (-) (n = 37) | P value |
| Angiographic findings (%) | |||
| Negative, only spastic UA | 2 (5.4) | ||
| Hyperemia | 35 (94.6) | ||
| Pseudoaneurysm | 8 (17.4) | ||
| Extravasation | 37 (80.4) | ||
| Pseudoaneurysm + extravasation | 1 (2.2) | ||
| No. of embolized arteries | |||
| 1 | 13 (28.3) | ||
| One UA | 12 | ||
| One IPA | 1 | ||
| 2 | 24 (52.2) | 29 (78.4) | |
| Both UA | 23 | 29 | |
| One (UA + IIA) | 1 | ||
| 3 | 7 (15.2) | 5 (13.5) | |
| Both UA + one OA | 5 | 5 | |
| Both UA + one IPA | 1 | ||
| One UA + both IIA | 1 | ||
| 4 | 2 (4.3) | 3 (8.1) | |
| Both (UA + OA) | 1 | ||
| Both (UA + anterior division of IIA) | 1 | ||
| Both (UA + IIA) | 2 | 1 | |
| Procedure time (min) | 61.4 ± 31.8 | 56.4 ± 32.6 | 0.492 |
Table 4 Embolic Materials for transcatheter arterial embolization
| Embolic materials (%) | Active bleeding (+) (n = 46) | Active bleeding (-) (n = 37) |
| Particle only | 19 (41.3) | 35 (94.6) |
| Particle + permanent | ||
| Particle + NBCA | 13 (28.3) | 1 (2.7) |
| Particle + coil | 3 (6.5) | 1 (2.7) |
| Particle + NBCA + coil | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Permanent only | 9 (19.6) | 0 (0.0) |
- Citation: Kim BM, Jeon GS, Choi MJ, Hong NS. Usefulness of transcatheter arterial embolization for eighty-three patients with secondary postpartum hemorrhage: Focusing on difference in angiographic findings. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11(15): 3471-3480
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i15/3471.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i15.3471