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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Clin Cases. May 26, 2023; 11(15): 3395-3407
Published online May 26, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i15.3395
Table 1 Classification of anterior talofibular ligament sprains
Type
Clinical manifestations
ATFL structural integrity
Type INo swelling and ecchymosisComplete fiber structure
Type IIOrganized swellingComplete fiber structure
Type IIITissue swelling, ligament elongation, and tearFiber structure failure
Type IVCompletely broken, “floating ligament” can always be foundFiber structure failure
Type VAvulsion fracture at the edge of the talus or distal end of the ankle jointFiber structure failure