Mediating effect of mindfulness level on the relationship between marital quality and postpartum depression among primiparas

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the sample

Variables	n	%
Age (yr)
18-25	37	30.58
26-30	66	54.54
31-35	14	11.57
36-40	4	3.31
Regions
Urban	50	41.32
Rural	71	58.68
Ethnicity
Han	60	49.59
Tujia	61	50.41
Educational Status
Junior high school or below	13	10.74
Senior high school	23	19.01
Junior college	32	26.45
Undergraduate	49	40.5
Postgraduate	4	3.3

Table 2 Anxiety and depression levels of primiparas in different regions and ethnicities

	SAS (n)		χ2	P value	SDS (n)		χ2	P value
	Normal	Abnormal			Normal	Abnormal
Urban	40	10	0.084	0.772	17	33	0.674	0.412
Rural	62	9			42	29
Han	41	9	0.044	0.833	17	33	0.674	0.412
Tujia	61	10			42	29

SAS: Self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Self-rating depression scale.

Table 3 Levels of mindful attention awareness scale and marriage perception scale in different regions

	Region	mean ± SD	t value	P value
MAAS	Urban	63.86 ± 11.86	-0.416	0.678
	Rural	64.76 ± 11.63
MPS-Total	Urban	62.78 ± 12.85	1.611	0.11
	Rural	58.35 ± 17.38
MPS-MI	Urban	59.22 ± 9.81	2.626	0.01
	Rural	54.24 ± 1059
MPS-FR	Urban	30.66 ± 4.22	3.965	< 0.001
	Rural	26.8 ± 6.47
MPS-MC	Urban	27.1 ± 4.29	3.785	< 0.001
	Rural	22.69 ± 8.38

MPS: Marriage perception scale; MAAS: Mindful attention awareness scale; MPS-MI: MPS-Marital interaction; MPS-FR: MPS-Family relationship; MPS-MC: MPS-Marital conflict.

Table 4 Levels of mindful attention awareness scale and marriage perception scale in different ethnicities

	Ethnicity	mean ± SD	t value	P value
MAAS	Han	64.6 ± 10.96	0.349	0.727
	Tujia	63.85 ± 12.5
MPS-Total	Han	59.58 ± 14.71	-0.227	0.821
	Tujia	60.24 ± 16.67
MPS-MI	Han	56.65 ± 10.62	-0.447	0.656
	Tujia	55.78 ± 10.62
MPS-FR	Han	28.88 ± 5.5	0.975	0.332
	Tujia	27.81 ± 6.45
MPS-MC	Han	25.95 ± 5.99	1.997	0.048
	Tujia	23.36 ± 8.01

MPS: Marriage perception scale; MAAS: Mindful attention awareness scale; MPS-MI: MPS-Marital interaction; MPS-FR: MPS-Family relationship; MPS-MC: MPS-Marital conflict.

Table 5 Correlations among mindfulness, postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety, and marital quality

		MAAS	SAS	SDS	MPS	MPS-MI	MPS-FR	MPS-MC
MAAS	Correlation coefficient	1	-0.457b	-0.439b	0.123	0.1	0.802	-0.184a
	N		121	121	121	121	121	121
SAS	Correlation coefficient		1	0.720b	-0.200a	-0.107	-0.066	0.225a
	N			121	121	121	121	121
SDS	Correlation coefficient			1	-0.157	-0.082	-0.069	0.164
	N				121	121	121	121

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

SAS: Self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Self-rating depression scale; MPS: Marriage perception scale; MAAS: Mindful attention awareness scale; MPS-MI: MPS-Marital interaction; MPS-FR: MPS-Family relationship; MPS-MC: MPS-Marital conflict.

Table 6 Mediating effect of mindfulness level on marital quality and postpartum anxiety (n = 121)

Mediating relationship	c (Total effect)	a	b	a × b (ME value)	a × b (Boot SE)	a × b (z value)	a × b (P value)	a × b (95% Boot CI)	c' (Direct effect)
MPS→MAAS→SAS	-0.100d	0.091	-0.297e	-0.027	0.046	-0.592	0.554	-0.146-0.029	-0.073
MPS-MI→MAAS→SAS	-0.083	-0.304	-0.296e	0.09	0.08	1.128	0.259	-0.038-0.273	-0.173
MPS-FR→MAAS→SAS	-0.073	0.772d	-0.296e	-0.228	0.105	-2.182	0.029	-0.384-0.033	0.155
MPS-MC→MAAS→SAS	0.285e	-0.408e	-0.296e	0.121	0.042	2.84	0.005	0.027-0.193	0.164

^dP < 0.05.

^eP < 0.01.

a: Represents the regression coefficient of X to M; b: Represents the regression coefficient of M to Y; c: Represents the regression coefficient of X to Y, namely the total effect; c': Represents the regression coefficient of X to Y (when there is mediating variable M in the model), namely the direct effect; SAS: Self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Self-rating depression scale; MPS: Marriage perception scale; MAAS: Mindful attention awareness scale; MPS-MI: MPS-Marital interaction; MPS-FR: MPS-Family relationship; MPS-MC: MPS-Marital conflict.

Table 7 Mediating effect of mindfulness level on marital quality and postpartum depression (n = 121)

Mediating relationship	c (Total effect)	a	b	a × b (ME value)	a × b (Boot SE)	a × b (z value)	a × b (P value)	a × b (95% Boot CI)	c' (Direct effect)
MPS→MAAS→SDS	-0.113	0.091	-0.414e	-0.038	0.044	-0.855	0.392	-0.143-0.026	-0.076
MPS-MI→MAAS→SDS	-0.034	-0.304	-0.413e	0.125	0.078	1.615	0.106	-0.039-0.267	-0.159
MPS-FR→MAAS→SDS	-0.204	0.772d	-0.413e	-0.319	0.101	-3.166	0.002	-0.365-0.031	0.115
MPS-MC→MAAS→SDS	0.317d	-0.408e	-0.413e	0.169	0.047	3.597	< 0.001	0.022-0.206	0.149

^dP < 0.05.

^eP < 0.01.

a: Represents the regression coefficient of X to M; b: Represents the regression coefficient of M to Y; c: Represents the regression coefficient of X to Y, namely the total effect; c': Represents the regression coefficient of X to Y (when there is mediating variable M in the model), namely the direct effect; SAS: Self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Self-rating depression scale; MPS: Marriage perception scale; MAAS: Mindful attention awareness scale; MPS-MI: MPS-Marital interaction; MPS-FR: MPS-Family relationship; MPS-MC: MPS-Marital conflict.