Determination of the ED95 of intranasal sufentanil combined with intranasal dexmedetomidine for moderate sedation during endoscopic ultrasonography

Table 1 Responsiveness scores of the modified observer’s assessment of alertness/sedation scale

Responsiveness	Score
Responds readily to name spoken in normal tone	5
Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone	4
Responds only after name is called loudly and/or repeatedly	3
Responds only after mild prodding or shaking	2
Responds only after painful trapezius squeeze	1
Does not respond to painful trapezius squeeze	0

Table 2 The prior probability of moderate sedation at six doses of intranasal sufentanil

Dose level, μg/kg	Response probability
0	0.5
0.1	0.75
0.2	0.9
0.3	0.95
0.4	0.98
0.5	0.99

Table 3 Demographic data and key characteristics of subjects

Parameter	Value
Age (yr)	42 (26-59)
Height (cm)	167.77 (7.58)
Weight (kg)	66.00 (9.64)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.46 (2.99)
Gender (F/M)	15/15
ASA-I/II	21/9
Baseline heart rate (per min)	75.80 (12.10)
Baseline SpO2 (%)	99 (96-100)
Procedure duration (min)	29.80 (3.63)

Values are reported as number of subjects, mean (SD) or median (range) (n = 30). ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 4 The posterior probability for each intranasal sufentanil

Patients	Allocated SUF dose, μg/kg	Clinical response(Success 1, Failure 0)	SUF dose, μg/kg
			0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5
			Prior estimated probability for each dose (%)
			50	75	90	95	98	99
			Posterior probability for each dose (%)
1-3	0.3	1,1,1	62.5	80.0	91.6	95.7	98.3	99.1
4-6	0.3	1,1,1	65.4	82.0	92.5	96.2	98.5	99.2
7-9	0.3	1,1,1	67.8	83.6	93.3	96.6	98.6	99.3
10-12	0.3	1,1,1	70.0	84.9	93.9	96.9	98.8	99.4
13-15	0.2	1,1,1	73.6	87.0	94.8	97.4	99.0	99.5
16-18	0.2	1,1,1	76.4	88.7	95.5	97.8	99.1	99.6
19-21	0.2	1,0,0	47.4	71.7	88.2	94.0	97.6	98.8
22-24	0.3	1,1,1	49.3	73.1	88.8	94.3	97.7	98.9
25-27	0.3	1,1,1	51.1	74.3	89.4	94.6	97.8	98.9
28-30	0.3	1,1,1	52.8	75.4	89.9	94.9	98.0	99.0

In bold is the estimated ED₉₅ after the inclusion of each cohort. SUF: Sufentanil.

Table 5 Adverse events and satisfaction after intranasal dexmedetomidine and sufentanil

	SUF dose, μg/kg		P value
	0.2 (n = 9)	0.3 (n = 21)
Hypotension, n	0	1
Nausea and vomiting, n	1	2
Local mucosal irritation, n	1	1
Endoscopist’s satisfaction, mean (SD)	8.7 (0.9)	8.5 (1.3)	0.654
Patients’ satisfactions, mean (SD)	9.0 (1.1)	8.1 (1.0)	0.052

SUF: Sufentanil; SD: Standard deviation.