Ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block anesthesia on the stress response and hemodynamics among lung cancer patients

Table 1 Between-group comparison of clinical data, n (%)

Clinical data	Observation group (n = 74)	Control group (n = 66)	t/χ2	P value
Sex			1.134	0.287
Male	48 (64.86)	37 (56.06)
Female	26 (35.14)	29 (43.94)
Age (yr)	54.40 ± 9.92	53.19 ± 8.82	0.759	0.449
Body mass index (kg/m2)	22.27 ± 3.02	22.14 ± 2.83	0.262	0.794
Karnofsky score (Points)	82.20 ± 9.92	83.03 ± 8.95	-0.517	0.606
ASA			0.078	0.780
I	42 (56.76)	39 (59.09)
II	32 (43.24)	27 (40.91)
TNM			0.586	0.444
I	44 (59.46)	35 (53.03)
II	30 (40.54)	31 (46.97)
Pathological type			0.023	0.88
Adenocarcinoma	48 (64.86)	42 (63.64)
Squamous cell carcinoma	26 (35.14)	24 (36.36)

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; TNM: Tumor node metastasis.

Table 2 Between-group comparison of the operative time, anesthesia time, intra-operative bleeding volume, and anesthetic drug use

Group	Cases	Operation time (min)	Anesthesia time (min)	Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	Intraoperative remifentanil dosage (mg)	Intraoperative propofol dosage (mg)	Postoperative sufentanil use (μmg)
Observation group	74	175.59 ± 23.39	183.39 ± 21.15	180.40 ± 33.59	1.48 ± 0.43	760.50 ± 92.28	72.50 ± 16.62
Control group	66	176.60 ± 24.45	185.50 ± 24.44	177.80 ± 35.52	2.18 ± 0.50	920.40 ± 91.15	90.40 ± 17.80
t		-0.250	-0.548	0.445	-8.905	-10.294	-6.152
P value		0.803	0.585	0.657	0.000	0.000	0.000

Table 3 Between-group comparison of the mean arterial pressure, heart rate and partial pressure of oxygen at the different time periods

Index	Group	Cases	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4
MAP (mmHg)	Observation group	74	94.40 ± 8.11	90.20 ± 9.15a	85.50 ± 7.22a	88.59 ± 8.15a	90.02 ± 10.02a
	Control group	66	93.32 ± 9.05	78.80 ± 8.81a	76.50 ± 8.03a	78.45 ± 9.21a	84.40 ± 8.11a
	Ftime × group = 20.022; Ftime = 13.282; Fgroup = 6.261.
	Ptime × group = 0.000; Ptime = 0.000; Pgroup = 0.000.
HR (beats/min)	Observation group	74	75.40 ± 9.11	72.39 ± 8.22a	69.03 ± 9.03a	70.12 ± 8.11a	71.24 ± 9.01a
	Control group	66	74.30 ± 8.06	64.40 ± 9.21a	65.50 ± 8.03a	66.72 ± 6.72a	69.11 ± 7.22a
	Ftime × group=17.281; Ftime = 9.822; Fgroup = 7.201.
	Ptime × group=0.000; Ptime = 0.000; Pgroup = 0.000.
SpO2 (%)	Observation group	74	99.20 ± 8.21	99.32 ± 10.11	99.03 ± 9.72	99.83 ± 9.15	99.20 ± 9.04
	Control group	66	99.02 ± 9.50	99.15 ± 9.54	99.89 ± 9.12	99.01 ± 9.45	99.01 ± 8.89
	Ftime × group = 2.291; Ftime = 1.822; Fgroup = 0.782.
	Ptime × group = 0.103; Ptime = 0.322; Pgroup = 0.554.

^aP < 0.05 vs baseline time.

T0: Baseline time; T1: 15 min after anesthesia; T2: After induction of intubation; T3: 5 min after skin incision; T4: Before extubation; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate; SpO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen.

Table 4 Between-group comparison of pre- and postoperative stress response indices

Group	Cases	Adrenaline (pg/mL)		Norepinephrine (pg/mL)		Dopamine (pg/mL)
		Pre-operation	Post-operation	Pre-operation	Post-operation	Pre-operation	Post-operation
Observationgroup	74	175.50 ± 34.43	210.20 ± 40.41a	191.20 ± 62.23	230.30 ± 65.58a	32.29 ± 9.92	54.49 ± 13.32a
Controlgroup	66	172.29 ± 32.20	260.40 ± 45.59a	194.40 ± 67.70	265.59 ± 68.82a	33.50 ± 10.03	64.49 ± 12.25a
t		0.568	-6.907	-0.291	-3.105	-0.717	-4.605
P value		0.571	0.000	0.771	0.002	0.475	0.000

^aP < 0.05 vs pre-operative.

Table 5 Between-group comparison of pre- and postoperative inflammatory response indices

Group	Cases	TNF-α (pg/mL)		IL-6 (pg/mL)
		Pre-operation	Post-operation	Pre-operation	Post-operation
Observation group	74	1.32 ± 0.32	2.43 ± 0.44a	65.50 ± 9.89	170.03 ± 35.54a
Control group	66	1.30 ± 0.30	3.19 ± 0.54a	63.38 ± 9.82	201.15 ± 40.40a
t		0.380	-9.167	1.270	-4.849
P value		0.704	0.000	0.206	0.000

^aP < 0.05 vs preoperative.

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6: Interleukin-6.