Patterns of liver profile disturbance in patients with COVID-19

Table 1 Abnormalities in hepatobiliary and inflammatory markers along with theories of hepatic injury in coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	Country	Study type	No. of patients with coronavirus disease	Pre-existing liver disease	Hepatobiliary function markers	Inflammatory markers	Possible theories of hepatic injury
Chen et al[66]	China	Retrospective case series	99	No histories of hepatic diseases	ALT, AST, and TIBIL increased in 28%, 35%, and 18% of patients	CRP, ESR, IL-6, and LDH elevated in 86%, 85%, 52%, and 76% of patients ALB and LYM reduced in 98% and 35% cases, respectively	Overall disease exacerbation: Damage to T lymphocytes
Cai et al[61]	China	Retrospective case series	298	2.7% had liver disease (details unspecified) Severe cases were associated with underlying diseases	14.8% experienced liver injury [ALT (max., 59.5 U/L) and AST (max., 65 U/L): 8.7 %, respectively]	CRP (max., 47.13 mg/dL) increased in 70% cases IL-6 (max., 28.72 ng/L) increased in 76% of patients	Overall disease exacerbation: Inflammatory factor storm
Yang et al[67]	China	Retrospective case series	52	No histories of hepatic diseases reported	29% had liver dysfunction (no specifics given)	ESR (max., 50 mm/h) increased in 60.9% LYM (min, 0.91_109/L) reduced in 38.3%	None described
Shi et al[68]	China	Retrospective case series	81	Hepatitis or liver cirrhosis in 9% of cases	AST (> 40 U/L) increased in 53% of patients, lower in asymptomatic patients	LYM (_1.0_109/L) increased in 67%	None described

ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; TIBIL: Total bilirubin; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; IL-6: Interleukin 6; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ALB: Albumin; LYM: Lymphocyte.