Phlegmonous gastritis after biloma drainage: A case report and review of the literature

Table 1 Reported cases of phlegmonous gastritis between 2012 and 2022

Ref.	Year of publication	Age in yr	Sex	Risk factors	Type	Symptom	Diagnosis	Microorganism	Treatment	Result
Saito et al[5]	2012	55	F	ALL	Diffuse	Septic shock	CT + EGD	Bacillus species	ATB	Discharge
Itonaga et al[6]	2012	70	F	EUS-FNA	Diffuse	EP	CT + EGD	Streptococcus spp.	ATB	Discharge
Fan et al[7]	2013	65	M	Splenectomy + esophagectomy	Diffuse	EP, fever	CT + EGD	Staphylococcus aureus	ATB	Discharge
Liu et al[8]	2013	84	M	Nil	Diffuse	EP	CT + EGD	Nil	Gastrectomy	Discharge
Yu et al[9]	2013	52	M	Liver cirrhosis, HBV, hepatectomy	Diffuse	EP, palpitation, dyspnea	EL + intraoperative EGD	Klebsiella pneumoniae	ATB	Discharge
Nair et al[10]	2013	72	M	Nil	Diffuse	EP, fever, N/V	CT + EGD	Nil	ATB	Discharge
Alonso et al[11]	2013	55	M	Nil	Localized	EP, fever, N/V, diarrhea	CT	Streptococcus pyogenes	ATB, endoscopic drainage	Discharge
Sahnan et al[12]	2013	56	F	GAVE s/p APC	Diffuse	EP, palpitation	EL	Streptococcus	Total gastrectomy	Death
Cortes-Barenque et al[13]	2014	35	M	Nil	Diffuse	EP, melena, hematemesis	CT + EGD	Group A streptococcus	ATB	Discharge
Rada-Palomino et al[14]	2014	62	M	HIV	Diffuse	EP, N/V, hematemesis, diarrhea	CT + EGD	Streptococcus pyogenes	ATB	Discharge
Min et al[15]	2014	51	F	Nil	Diffuse	EP, vomiting, palpitation	CT + EL	Streptococcus pyogenes	Total gastrectomy + ATB	Discharge
Morimoto et al[16]	2014	77	M	DM, GU	Diffuse	N/V, palpitation	CT	Group A streptococcus	ATB	Death
Nomura et al[17]	2015	80	F	SMA syndrome	Diffuse	EP, N/V	CT + EGD	Enterococcus faecium	Total gastrectomy + ATB	Discharge
Flor-de-Lima et al[18]	2015	7	M	Acute tonsillitis	Diffuse	EP, N/V	CT + EGD	Streptococcus pneumoniae	ATB	Discharge
Kato et al[19]	2015	64	M	Chronic pancreatitis, DM, subtotal gastrectomy	Diffuse	EP, N/V	CT + EGD	Peptostreptococcus spp.	ATB	Discharge
Matsumoto et al[20]	2015	74	M	MF, MM	Diffuse	EP, N/V	CT + EGD	Bacillus thuringiensis	ATB	Death
Kim et al[21]	2016	74	M	DM, alcoholic liver cirrhosis, HCC, GC	Diffuse	EP, N/V, palpitation	CT + EGD	Nil	ATB	Discharge
Kim et al[22]	2017	51	M	AS s/p infliximab	Diffuse	N/V	CT + EGD	Nil	ATB	Discharge
Hagiwara et al[23]	2018	65	M	ESCC	Localized	EP, fever	CT + EGD	Streptococcus viridans	ATB + total gastrectomy	Discharge
Ishioka et al[24]	2018	84	F	Dementia	Diffuse	Hematemesis	CT + EGD	Proteus mirabilis, α-Streptococcus	ATB	Discharge
Ishioka et al[24]	2018	44	M	DM	Diffuse	EP	CT + EGD	Staphylococci	ATB	Discharge
Ishioka et al[24]	2018	64	M	Brain tumor s/p chemotherapy	Diffuse	N/V, hematemesis	CT + EGD	Nil	ATB	Death
De Davide and Beaudoin[25]	2018	42	M	PA s/p infliximab	Diffuse	EP, N/V, fever	CT + EGD	Nil	ATB	Discharge
Yang et al[4]	2018	47	M	URI, alcoholism, GU	Diffuse	EP, N/V, fever	CT + EL	Group A streptococcus	Total gastrectomy + ATB	Discharge
Ramphal et al[26]	2018	45	M	Nil	Diffuse	EP, N/V, palpitation	CT + EL	Group A Streptococcus	Total gastrectomy + ATB	Discharge
Iqbal et al[1]	2018	56	F	AML	Diffuse	EP, fever	CT + EGD	Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus	ATB	Discharge
Matsuura et al[27]	2018	76	F	MDS, DM, GC s/p ESD	Diffuse	EP, fever	CT + EGD	Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	ATB	Discharge
Saeed et al[28]	2019	59	M	Morbid obesity s/p laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy	Localized	EP, N/V, fatigue, chills	CT	Streptococcus sanguinis	ATB + CT-guided drainage	Discharge
Shi et al[29]	2019	33	M	ALL s/p chemotherapy	Diffuse	EP, hematemesis	CT	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	ATB	Discharge
Yasuda et al[30]	2020	74	F	Had eaten raw Ayu fish	Localized	EP, N/V, diarrhea	CT + EGD	Aeromonas hydrophila	ATB	Discharge
Campos-Murguía et al[31]	2019	37	F	MG, thymoma s/p resection	Diffuse	EP, N/V, melena	CT + EGD	Streptococcus oralis	ATB + total gastrectomy	Discharge
Kuriyama et al[32]	2020	70	F	Gastric DLBCL s/p chemotherapy	Diffuse	EP, N/V, fever	CT + EGD	Pseudomonasaeruginosa	ATB	Discharge
Yakami et al[33]	2021	32	M	Alcoholism	Diffuse	EP, N/V, fever	CT + EGD	Nil	ATB	Discharge
Yakami et al[33]	2021	33	M	Alcoholism	Localized	EP	CT + EGD	Streptococcus viridans	ATB	Discharge
Yakami et al[33]	2021	19	M	Nil	Localized	EP, N/V, fever	CT + EGD	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus viridans	ATB	Discharge
Taniguchi et al[34]	2021	21	M	URI	Diffuse	EP	CT + EGD	Streptococcus constellatus/milleri	ATB	Discharge
DeCino et al[35]	2021	47	M	DM	Diffuse	EP, N/V, fever	CT + EGD + EUS	Group A streptococcus	ATB	Discharge
Elisabeth et al[36]	2021	70	F	Nil	Diffuse	EP, N/V, fever, diarrhea	CT + EGD + EL	Streptococcus pyogenes	ATB	Discharge
Modares and Tabari[37]	2021	67	M	DM, s/p gastric mucosal biopsy	Diffuse	EP, N/V, fever	CT + EGD + EL	Group A Streptococci	ATB + total gastrectomy	Discharge
Takase et al[38]	2021	89	F	DM, CKD	Diffuse	EP, N/V	CT	Nil	ATB	Discharge
Saito et al[39]	2021	70	F	ALL s/p chemotherapy	Diffuse	Septic shock	CT + EGD	Bacillus cereus	ATB	Discharge
Wang et al[40]	2021	22	M	Eating contaminated food	Diffuse	EP, N/V, fever, hematemesis	CT + EGD	Enterococcus cecorum	ATB	Discharge
Durdella et al[41]	2022	44	F	Nil	Localized	EP, N/V	CT	Nil	ATB	Discharge
Yu et al[42]	2022	72	F	Gastric adenoma s/p ESD	Localized	No	CT	Nil	Distal gastrectomy	Discharge

ATB: Antibiotic; ALL: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML: Acute myeloid leukemia; APC: Argon plasma coagulation; AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CT: Computed tomography; DLBCL: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma; DM: Diabetes mellitus; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; EL: Exploratory laparotomy; EP: Epigastric pain; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; EUS-FNA: Endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration; F: Female; GAVE: Gastric antral vascular ectasia; GC: Gastric cancer; GU: Gastric ulcer; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; M: Male; MDS: Myelodysplastic syndrome; MF: Myelofibrosis; MG: Myasthenia gravis; MM: Multiple myeloma; N/V: Nausea/vomiting; PA: Psoriatic arthritis; SMA: Superior mesenteric artery; s/p: Status post; URI: Upper respiratory infection.