Video-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves the quality of chest compressions during simulated cardiac arrests: A systemic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 The characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Loction	Study period	Subjects	Number of Subjects		Scenarios duration	Experiment procedure		Assessment
				V-CPR	T-CPR		V-CPR	T-CPR
Lee et al[25], 2021	Korea	October 2019 to July 2020	Volunteers aged 18 years or older	88	43	6 min	Video call transition was performed after initiation of by stander chest compression	The dispatcher uses a standard audio instructed protocol to help the participant initiate and perform chest compression-only CPR	(1) The mean proportion of ade quate hand positioning during chest compressions; (2) The mean compres sion depth; (3) Mean compression rate; and (4) Total no-flow time
Yang et al[26], 2009	Taiwan	-	Volunteers above 16 years of age who have not received any CPR training within the last 5 years	43	53	4 min	Received interactive voice and video demonstration and feedback via a video cell phone	Received only voice CPR instruction	(1) Chest compressions rate; (2) Chest compressions depth; (3) Proportion of subjects with sufficient rate; (4) Proportion of chest compressions with appropriate depth; (5) Proportion of correct hand positioning; (6) Hands-off time; (7) Time to first chest compression; and (8) Total duration of CPR instructions
Ecker et al[27], 2020	Cologne	July to August 2018	Adult volunteer, lay people without any previous CPR training	50	50	8 min	The study assistant operated the camera function of the phone, volunteers activated EmergencyEye and started standardised video guided CPR	The study assistant enabled the phone’s speaker function, the EMS dispatcher then initiated standardised telephone guided CPR	(1) Compression frequency 100 to 120 min–1; (2) Ccompression depth 5 to 6 cm; and (3) Correct hand position on the lower third of the sternum
Lee et al[28], 2011	Korea	May 2010 to June 2010	Adult volunteer,lay people without any previous CPR training	39	39	5 min	Instructed to make a voice call to a number, guided on how to play a video stored on the phone, and were further asked to do as shown on the video until the emergency medical technicians arrived	Instructed to make a phone call to the same number, where they were guided by a dispatcher using the standardised protocol to perform compression-only CPR	(1) The mean compression rate; (2) The number of subjects who performed an adequate compression rate; (3) The mean compression depth; (4) The number of subjects who performed an adequate compression depth; (5) Adequate positioning of hands; (6) Time to initiate continuous compressions; (7) Hands-off time; and (8) The number of subjects who had no “hands-off” event after starting compressions
Stipulante et al[29], 2016	Belgium	March 2013	High school Students volunteers, 16-25	60	60	8 min	Developed an original protocol of videoconference CPR instructions on the basis of the ALERT algorithm, followed the dispatcher’s instructions and performed CPR	Guided according to the ALERT protocol, given the instruction to ‘put the speaker on’ and to ‘put the phone down’ to receive further instruction	(1) Rate of chest compressions; (2) Total number of chest compressions; (3) Depth of chest compressions; (4) Proportion of chest compressions with appropriate rate; (5) Proportion of chest compression with appropriate depth; (6) Proportion of chest compressions with correct hand positioning; (7) Time for responsiveness check; (8) Time for airway opening; (9) Time for breathing check; (10) Time to first compression; and (11) Hands-off time
Bolle et al[30], 2009	Norway	December 2006 and January 2007	High-school students	29	26	10 min	Dispatchers used a lap_x0002_top with a UMTS (3G) card, video camera, videovcommunication software and a standard headset	Dispatchers used a telephone with a standard headset	(1) Total number of compressions; (2) Average depth (mm); (3) Average rate (n/min); (4) Average number per minute; (5) Proportion done without error; (6) Proportion done to correct depth; (7) Proportion with correct hand position; (8) Proportion done with full release; (9) Time to first compression (s); and (10) Total hands-off-chest time (s)

V-CPR: Video-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation; T-CPR: Telecommunicator cardiopulmonary resuscitation.