Cavernous hemangioma of the ileum in a young man: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Cavernous hemangioma of ileum in the literature between 2001 and 2021

Ref.	Age (yr)	Sex	Manifestation	Preoperative diagnosis study	Imaging	Endoscopic feature	Preoperative diagnosis	Size (cm)	Complications
Pinho et al[13], 2008	9	F	Fatigue, nausea, dizziness, growth retardation, melena	99 m-Tc-RBC-scintigraphy, CE	NM	A bluish polypoid mass with a dark spot	Y	2 × 2.5	None
Abdul Aziz et al[14], 2011	6	F	Abdominal pain, pallor, vomit, lethargy, bloating, abdominal mass	X-ray, US	NM	Submucosal hematoma	N	NA	None
Huang et al[15], 2013	64	F	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit, bloating, abdominal mass	MRI, colonoscopy	Wall thickening	Submucosal hematoma	N	NA	Intussusception, perforation
Fernandes et al[16], 2014	58	F	Melena, syncope, melena	Colonoscopy, ileoscopy, CE, CT	Wall thickening, calcification	NM	Y	14	None
Purdy-Payne et al[17], 2015	20	F	Abdominal pain, nausea, vomit, syncope	CT, colonoscopy	Calcification	Annular growth nodular irregular mass	Y	4 × 3.5 × 3	None
Ocampo Toro et al[18], 2018	29	M	Chronic anemia	Small bowel study (SBS) with barium, CECT, X-ray	Wall thickening, calcification	NM	Y	10	None
Kano et al[19], 2021	29	M	None	CECT, DBE	Wall thickening	Multiple reddish-purple submucosal masses	Y	15 × 6	None
Magnano et al[20], 2005	13	M	Fatigue, malaise, weakness, pallor, anemia	Gastroscopy, colonoscopy, technetium 99m-Tc-RBC-scintigraphy, mesenteric arteriography, CE	NM	A large polypoid erythematous lesion	N	2	None
Chan et al[21], 2006	36	F	Dizziness, loss of consciousness, pallor	Gastroendoscopy, X-ray, colonoscopy, 99m-Tc-RBC-scintigraphy, angiogram, Proctoscopy, DBE	NM	Two large hemangiomas appeared to be vascular and thrombosed	Y	1 & 3, respectively	None
Quentin et al[22], 2007	32	F	Fresh red blood stool, anemia	Gastroscopy, colonoscopy, CE	NM	A submucosal and circumferential lesion, blue-colored, with superficial red spots	Y	2	None
Chen et al[23], 2009	23	M	Fatigue, dizziness, chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, anemia	CE	NM	A purple-blue subepithelial mass	Y	3 × 2.5	None
Guardiola et al[24], 2012	19	M	Anemia, melena	Gastroscopy, colonoscopy, small bowel barium, CT, CE	Wall thickening	A large violet-colored polypoid submucosal lesion	N	8	None
Peng et al[25], 2016	47	M	Melena, anemia, weakness, dizziness	CE, CECT	NM	A huge heterogeneous mixed mass	N	50 × 15	None
Hu et al[1], 2018	24	F	Melena, fatigue, anemia	Gastroscopy, colonoscopy, CE, DBE	NM	A reddish-purple lesion	Y	5 × 3 × 3	None
Majethia et al[26], 2021	45	F	Vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite	CECT	NM	NM	N	NM	Obstruction

NM: No mention; CE: Capsule endoscopy; DBE: Double-balloon enteroscopy; US: Ultrasonography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; CT: Computed tomography; CECT: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography; NA: Not available.

Table 2 Advantages and disadvantages between capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy

	Capsule endoscopy	Double-balloon enteroscopy
Diagnosis rate	50%	53%
Invasive	N	Y
Tissue biopsy	N	Y
Endoscopy treatment	N	Y
Cost	Low	High
Technical difficulty	Low	High
Complications	Obstruction	Perforation