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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Clin Cases. Sep 16, 2022; 10(26): 9207-9218
Published online Sep 16, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i26.9207
Table 1 The most important features of electrocardiogram signals in the UCI dataset
Features
Values
AgeYr
SexMale = 0, female = 1
Heightcm
WeightKg
QRS lengthAverage QRS length in milliseconds
Distance P-RAverage time interval between the start of waves P and Q in milliseconds
Distance Q-TAverage time interval between start of wave Q and end of wave T in milliseconds
Distance TAverage time interval of wave T in milliseconds
Distance PAverage P wave distance in milliseconds
QRSDegree vector angles on the screen
TDegree vector angles on the screen
PDegree vector angles on the screen
QRSTDegree vector angles on the screen
JDegree vector angles on the screen
Heart rateHeart rate per minute
Table 2 Cardiac arrhythmia classes in the UCI dataset
Class No.
Class name
Number of classes
C1Normal245
C2Ischemic changes (coronary artery diseases)44
C3Old anterior myocardial infarction15
C4Old inferior myocardial infarction15
C5Sinus tachycardy13
C6Sinus bradycardy25
C7Ventricular premature contraction (pvc)3
C8Supraventricular premature contraction2
C9Left bundle branch block9
C10Right bundle branch block50
C111 Degree antrioventricular block0
C122 Degree AV block0
C133 Degree AV block0
C14Left ventricule hypertrophy4
C15Atrial fibrillation or flutter5
C16Others22
Table 3 The confusion matrix

True results
Positive
Negative
Test resultsPositiveTPFP
NegativeFNTN
Table 4 Long short-term memory model training and test times with/without rough set theory feature selection
Time
LSTM
RST-LSTM
Time reduction
Training217154 ms69247 ms68.11%
Test23854 ms3856 ms83.83%
Table 5 Positive prediction value of detection of the proposed system by cardiac arrhythmia classes
Class No.LSTMRST-LSTMClass No.LSTMRST-LSTM
C197.6598.44C9NaNNaN
C289.5490.23C1098.4999.83
C398.7699.08C11NaNNaN
C499.1499.12C12NaNNaN
C598.2698.74C13NaNNaN
C694.2996.63C1498.1698.94
C7NaNNaNC15NaNNaN
C8NaNNaNC1687.6389.90
Average PPVLSTM95.76Average PPVRST-LSTM96.77
Table 6 Negative prediction value of detection of the proposed system by cardiac arrhythmia classes
Class No.LSTMRST-LSTMClass No.LSTMRST-LSTM
C196.7498.14C9NaNNaN
C284.2786.45C1097.4598.32
C398.7999.16C11NaNNaN
C497.5698.87C12NaNNaN
C598.2398.12C13NaNNaN
C690.2992.64C1498.3499.05
C7NaNNaNC15NaNNaN
C8NaNNaNC1683.1185.36
Average NPVLSTM93.86Average NPVRST-LSTM95.12
Table 7 Sensitivity of detection of the proposed system by cardiac arrhythmia classes
Class No.LSTMRST-LSTMClass No.LSTMRST-LSTM
C198.5499.16C9NaNNaN
C286.7388.57C1098.2498.65
C399.5499.52C11NaNNaN
C497.9898.86C12NaNNaN
C598.3698.87C13NaNNaN
C689.5692.19C1497.9299.03
C7NaNNaNC15NaNNaN
C8NaNNaNC1681.5782.87
Average sensitivityLSTM94.27Average sensitivityRST-LSTM95.30