5-min mindfulness audio induction alleviates psychological distress and sleep disorders in patients with COVID-19

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Characteristic	Mindfulness group (n = 43)	Conventional group (n = 32)	P
Age, yr (mean ± SD)	42.23 ± 9.78	44.35 ± 10.61	0.069
Sex, n (%)
Male	30 (69.8)	18 (56.2)	0.228
Female	13 (30.2)	14 (43.8)
Height, cm (mean ± SD)	169.51 ± 8.13	165.41 ± 8.46	0.037
Weight, kg (mean ± SD)	70.37 ± 12.52	64.97 ± 9.43	0.044
Education, n (%)			0.345
Junior diploma or below	6 (14.0)	7 (21.9)
High and technical secondary school diploma	9 (20.9)	7 (21.9)
Junior college	9 (20.9)	10 (31.3)
Bachelor degree or above	19 (44.2)	8 (25.0)

Table 2 Short Inventory of Mindfulness Capability, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores before and after intervention in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 between groups

	Characteristic	Mindfulness group (n = 43)	Conventional group (n = 32)	P
Before intervention	Mindfulness (mean ± SD)	30.16 ± 5.58	29.42 ± 6.03	0.585
	Anxiety (mean ± SD)	14.05 ± 2.56	13.60 ± 2.93	0.481
	Depression (mean ± SD)	14.15 ± 3.21	14.00 ± 2.97	0.837
	Sleep quality (mean ± SD)	12.85 ± 3.06	13.36 ± 4.12	0.572
After intervention	Mindfulness (mean± SD)	35.23 ± 5.95b	31.17 ± 6.50	0.006
	Anxiety (mean ± SD)	12.91 ± 3.42	13.25 ± 2.83	0.649
	Depression (mean ± SD)	12.50 ± 4.01a	13.52 ± 3.68	0.263
	Sleep quality (mean ± SD)	9.44 ± 3.86b	11.87 ± 4.06	0.011

^aP < 0.05 vs before intervention in the mindfulness group.

^bP < 0.001 vs before intervention in the mindfulness group.

Table 3 Short Inventory of Mindfulness Capability, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores before and after intervention in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 within groups

		Mindfulness (mean ± SD)	Anxiety (mean ± SD)	Depression (mean ± SD)	Sleep quality (mean ± SD)
Mindfulness group (n = 43)	Before intervention	30.16 ± 5.58	14.05 ± 2.56	14.15 ± 3.21	12.85 ± 3.06
	After intervention	35.23 ± 5.95	12.91 ± 3.42	12.50 ± 4.01	9.44 ± 3.86
	P	< 0.001	0.084	0.038	< 0.001
Conventional group (n = 32)	Before intervention	29.42 ± 6.03	13.60 ± 2.93	14.00 ± 2.97	13.36 ± 4.12
	After intervention	31.17 ± 6.50	13.25 ± 2.83	13.52 ± 3.68	11.87 ± 4.06
	P	0.269	0.629	0.568	0.150