Isolated coagulopathy without classic CRAB symptoms as the initial manifestation of multiple myeloma: A case report

Table 1 Summary of clinical features in patients with multiple myeloma with bleeding symptoms

Ref.	Number of bleeding cases/total cases	Gender (n)	Median/average age (yr)	Types of M protein (%)	Amyloidosis (n)	Bleeding sites	APTT	PT	TT	FIB	Involved coagulation factors (n)
Kyle[1], China, 2014	3	Male (3)	57	NS	Yes	Skin; Mucous	Prolonged	Prolonged	Prolonged	N	ΧΧ
Zou et al[2], China, 2002	44636	Male (9); Female (7)	68.9 (average)	IgG (87.5); IgA (6.25); IgD (6.25)	NS	Skin; Nasal mucosa; Gingiva	NS	NS	NS	NS	Ⅰ, Ⅶ, Χ, Fbg
Zeng et al[3], China, 2013	44772	Male (16); Female (14)	60 ± 10 (average)	IgG (90); IgA (6.7);IgD (3.3)	NS	Skin; Nasal mucosa; Gingiva (7)	NS	NS	NS	NS	Ⅱ, Ⅷ
Xie et al[4], China, 2002	12/358	Male (208); Female (150)	55 (median)	NS	NS	Skin; Nasal mucosa; Gingiva (12)	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Zhuang et al[5], China, 2004	20/218	Male (136); Female (82)	57 (average)	IgG (45.3); IgA (18.4); IgD (11.7); IgM (0.6%); κ (11.2); λ (9.5); No secretion (2.2); bi-clone (1.1)	Yes (18)	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Zhang et al[6], China, 2005	30/148	Male (98); Female (50)	58 (average)	Heavy chain types; IgG (44.7); IgA (22.0); IgM (2); No secretion (31.7); Light chain types; κ (47.7%); λ (52.3%)	NS	Nasal mucosa (17); Gingiva (7); Melena (6); Hematuria, fundus hemorrhage, gingiva	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Sari et al[13], Japan, 2008	1	Female	43	IgG	NS	Post operation of ovarian cyst	Prolonged	NS	NS	NS	Ⅷ
Dicke et al[14], China, 2016	1	Male	63	IgG	NS	Post operation of orthodontics	Prolonged	NS	NS	1.8g/l	vWF:Ac
Hobbs et al[8], USA, 2019	1	Male	59	NS	NS	Gastrointestinal tract	Prolonged	prolonged	NS	NS	Χ
Kawashima et al[9], Japan, 2018	1	Male	52	IgA	NS	Thigh muscle, hematuria	Prolonged	N	NS	NS	Ⅷ, vWF
Furube et al[10], Japan, 2018	1	Male	77	IgA	NS	lung	Prolonged	prolonged	NS	NS	NS
Richard et al[15], USA, 1990	1	Female	67	IgA	NS	Melena	Prolonged	N	N	NS	Ⅷ, vWF
Li et al[7], England, 1977	1	Male	49	NS	Yes	Mucosa	Prolonged	Prolonged	Prolonged	low	Χ
Sun et al[11], USA, 2001	18/368	Male (221); Female (147)	58	NS	Yes	Gastrointestinal tract, hematuria, skin, spleen, abdomen	Prolonged	NS	NS	NS	Χ(32)
Zhang et al[12], USA, 2018	1	Male	48	IgA	NS	intracranial	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

NS: No significance; N: Normal; κ: Kappa; λ: Lambda; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; PT: Prothrombin time; TT: Thrombin time; FIB Fibrinogen.