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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Clin Cases. Apr 6, 2022; 10(10): 3047-3059
Published online Apr 6, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i10.3047
Published online Apr 6, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i10.3047
Table 1 Characteristics of the patient cohort
Characteristic | All patients (n = 325) | Survivornon-survivor (n = 308); (n = 17) | P value | |
Age | < 0.0011 | |||
Median (IQR)-yr | 45.0 (34.0-61.0) | 43.0 (33.0-61.0) | 63.0 (57.0-76.0) | |
Distribution-no./total no. (%) | ||||
20-49 yr | 178 | 178 (57.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
50-64 yr | 91 | 80 (25.9) | 11 (64.7) | |
≥ 65 yr | 56 | 50 (16.2) | 6 (35.3) | |
Male sex - no./total no. (%) | 137 (42.2) | 124 (40.3) | 13 (76.5) | 0.0031 |
Smoking history - no./total no. (%) | 21 (6.5) | 18 (5.8) | 3 (17.7) | 0.054 |
Exposure to source of transmission within past 14 days - no./total no. | 0.0351 | |||
Yes | 233 (71.7) | 222 (4.9) | 11 (66.8) | |
No | 92 (28.3) | 86 (0.3) | 6 (28.0) | |
Median incubation period (IQR) - days | 5.0 ± 4.0 | 5.0 ± 3.9 | 5.2 ± 3.5 | 0.862 |
Fever on admission | ||||
Patients - no./total no. (%) | 252 (77.5) | 240 (77.9) | 12 (70.6) | 0.550 |
Median temperature (IQR) - °C | ||||
Distribution of temperature - no./total no. (%) | 0.603 | |||
< 37.3 °C | 77 (23.7) | 72 (22.2) | 5 (1.5) | |
37.3-38.0 °C | 106 (32.6) | 103 (31.7) | 3 (0.9) | |
38.1-39.0 °C | 124 (38.2) | 116 (35.7) | 8 (2.5) | |
> 39.0°C | 18 (5.5) | 17 (5.2) | 1 (0.3) | |
Symptoms - no. (%) | ||||
Conjunctival congestion | 1 (0.31) | 1 (0.31) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Headache | 52 (16) | 51 (16.6) | 1 (5.9) | 0.243 |
Cough | 207 (63.7) | 199 (64.6) | 8 (47.1) | 0.143 |
Sputum production | 81 (24.9) | 76 (24.6) | 5 (29.4) | 0.660 |
Fatigue | 156 (48) | 145 (47.1) | 11 (64.7) | 0.157 |
Difficulty breathing | 15 (4.6) | 13 (4.2) | 2 (11.8) | 0.149 |
Shortness of breath | 73 (22.5) | 68 (22.1) | 5 (29.4) | 0.0121 |
Nausea or vomiting | 25 (7.7) | 21 (6.8) | 4 (23.5) | 0.0121 |
Diarrhea | 28 (8.6) | 27 (8.8) | 1 (5.9) | 0.680 |
Myalgia or arthralgia | 92 (28.3) | 88 (28.5) | 4 (23.5) | 0.630 |
Chills | 55 (16.9) | 54 (17.5) | 1 (5.88) | 0.212 |
Coexisting disorder - no. (%) | ||||
Fatty liver | 15 (4.6) | 15 (4.9) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 17 (5.2) | 16 (5.2) | 1 (5.9) | 0.608 |
Diabetes | 34 (10.5) | 27 (8.77) | 7 (41.2) | < 0.0011 |
Hypertension | 69 (21.2) | 58 (18.8) | 11 (64.7) | < 0.0011 |
Coronary heart disease | 9 (2.8) | 6 (1.9) | 3 (17.7) | < 0.0011 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 18 (5.5) | 14 (4.6) | 4 (23.5) | 0.0101 |
Hyperlipidemia | 17 (5.2) | 16 (5.2) | 1 (5.8) | 0.901 |
Hepatitis B infection | 6 (1.9) | 5 (1.6) | 1 (5.9) | 0.205 |
Table 2 Laboratory findings of the patient cohort
Variable | All patients (N = 325) | Survivor non-survivor (n = 308); (n = 17) | P value | |
Laboratory findings | ||||
White-cell count (109/L) | 4.6 (3.3-6.0) | 4.6 (3.29-5.9) | 6.4 (3.6-7.4) | 0.090 |
Red-cell count (1012/L) | 4.3 (4.1-4.7) | 4.3 (4.1-4.7) | 4.2 (4.0-4.6) | 0.557 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 131.0 (120.0-142.0) | 131.0 (121.0-142.5) | 130.0 (114.0-141.0) | 0.360 |
Platelet count (109/L) | 171.0 (134.0-202.0) | 173.0 (136.0-204.5) | 143.0 (119.0-155.0) | 0.0081 |
Hematocrit (%) | 39.4 (36.5-42.6) | 39.4 (36.6-42.6) | 40.0 (34.6-42.6) | 0.530 |
Neutrophil percentage (%) | 64.6 (56.8-75.5) | 64.5 (56.4-75.2) | 73.4 (67.3-81.8) | 0.0071 |
Lymphocyte percentage (%) | 26.5 ± 14.5 | 26.6 ± 12.3 | 18.6 (11.2-22.5) | 0.0081 |
Monocyte percentage (%) | 7.9 ± 3.5 | 8.1 ± 3.5 | 6.2 (3.4-6.9) | 0.0081 |
Eosinophil percentage (%) | 0.1 (0.0-0.6) | 0.1 (0.0-0.55) | 0.0 (0.0-0.8) | 0.953 |
Basophil percentage (%) | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 0.946 |
Mean red blood cell volume (fL) | 90.6 (87.5-93.6) | 90.6 (87.6-93.6) | 88.9 (85.7-93.1) | 0.432 |
Mean hemoglobin content (pg) | 30.0 (28.8-31.1) | 30.0 (28.9-31.1) | 29.4 (27.5-30.5) | 0.209 |
Mean hemoglobin concentration (g/L) | 330.0 (323.0-336.0) | 330.0 (323.0-336.0) | 324.0 (321.0-331.0) | 0.0291 |
RBC distribution width standard deviation (%) | 39.4 (36.7-41.2) | 39.2 (36.5-41.2) | 40.7 (37.5-42.8) | 0.071 |
RBC distribution width-coefficient of variation (%) | 12.7 (12.2-14.4) | 12.7 (12.1-14.1) | 13.3 (12.6-15.4) | 0.116 |
Neutrophil count (109/L) | 2.96 (1.92-4.05) | 2.9 (1.9-4.0) | 4.1 (2.7-4.9) | 0.0351 |
Lymphocyte count (109/L) | 1.13 ± 0.55 | 1.14 ± 0.55 | 0.89 ± 0.58 | 0.0351 |
Monocyte count (109/L) | 0.34 (0.24-0.46) | 0.3 (0.3-0.5) | 0.3 (0.2-0.5) | 0.828 |
Eosinophil count (109/L) | 0.01 (0.0-0.02) | 0.01 (0.0-0.02) | 0.0 (0.0-0.06) | 0.642 |
Basophil count (109/L) | 0.01 (0.01-0.02) | 0.01 (0.01-0.02) | 0.01 (0.01-0.02) | 0.060 |
Platelet distribution width (%) | 12.5 (10.6-16.2) | 12.5 (10.6-16.2) | 15.1 (10.9-16.4) | 0.452 |
Large platelet ratio (%) | 11.1 (9.8-21.2) | 11.1 (9.8-21.4) | 10.0 (10.0-12.9) | 0.405 |
Mean platelet volume (fL) | 19.0 (10.0-28.7) | 18.5 (9.9-27.9) | 28.9 (18.8-32.4) | 0.0181 |
Platelet hematocrit (%) | 0.17 (0.14-0.20) | 0.17 (0.14-0.20) | 0.13 (0.13-0.16) | 0.0161 |
Distribution of other findings-no./total no. (%) | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.6 ± 13.6 | 123.0 ± 12.7 | 135.4 ± 21.0 | 0.0221 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.4 ± 9.5 | 76.4 ± 9.3 | 76.2 ± 13.1 | 0.464 |
Blood glucose concentration (mmol/L) | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 9.1 ± 4.8 | 0.0091 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.8 (3.2-4.5) | 3.9 (3.3-4.5) | 2.7 (2.6-3.3) | 0.0031 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.455 |
High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.9-1.2) | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 0.97 (0.94-1.12) | 0.354 |
Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 0.0021 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 1.3 (0.3-3.4) | 1.3 (0.3-3.0) | 5.9 (3.3-8.2) | < 0.0011 |
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 178.5 (137.5-236.5) | 173.0 (136.0-229.0) | 275.0 (232.0-324.0) | < 0.0011 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 22.2 (17.1-32.8) | 21.7 (16.8-32.3) | 31.2 (25.5-36.5) | 0.0191 |
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 19.1 (12.8-32.6) | 18.9 (12.7-33.2) | 19.9 (15.5-29.7) | 0.957 |
γ–Glutamyltransferase (U/L) | 19.0 (12.6-38.2) | 19.0 (12.4-38.0) | 27.8 (16.9-69.0) | 0.064 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.1 (3.2-5.3) | 4.0 (3.2-5.0) | 6.4 (5.3-11.1) | < 0.0011 |
Creatine kinase (ng/mL) | 76.5 (45.0-140.0) | 77.1 (45.0-138.0) | 74.0 (61.0-203.0) | 0.404 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 63.9 (53.6-76.7) | 63.0 (53.1-74.7) | 83.7 (74.9-254.2) | < 0.0011 |
α-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 137.5 (109.0-176.5) | 135.0 (108.0-171.0) | 208.0 (158.0-217.0) | 0.0011 |
D-dimer (μg/mL) | 0.4 (0.2-0.8) | 0.4 (0.2-0.8) | 1.1 (0.6-6.3) | < 0.0011 |
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.05 (0.04-0.09) | 0.05 (0.03-0.08) | 0.3 (0.1-2.8) | < 0.0011 |
Brain Natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 34.4 (13.0-128.0) | 31.6 (12.0-108.0) | 295.8 (177.0-406.1) | < 0.0011 |
Antihypertensive drugs | < 0.0011 | |||
Yes | 57 (17.5) | 47 (14.5) | 10 (3.0) | |
No | 268 (82.5) | 261 (80.3) | 7 (2.2) | |
Hypoglycemic drugs | < 0.0011 | |||
Yes | 28 (8.6) | 22 (6.8) | 6 (1.8) | |
No | 297 (91.4) | 286 (88) | 11 (3.4) | |
Lipid-lowering drugs | 0.0051 | |||
Yes | 14 (4.3) | 11 (3.4) | 3 (0.9) | |
No | 311 (95.7) | 297 (91.4) | 14 (4.3) |
Table 3 The computed tomography score of the pulmonary involvement in four stages
Stage-1 (n = 157) | Stage-2 (n = 194) | Stage-3 (n = 165) | Stage-4 (n = 211) | Stage-5 (n = 204) | Stage-6 (n = 137) | P value | |
Total CT score of the pulmonary involvement | 2 ± 4 (0-18) | 5 ± 5 (0-22) | 7 ± 7 (0-22) | 7 ± 7 (0-25) | 5 ± 7 (0-24) | 4 ± 6 (0-25) | < 0.00011 |
Number of involved lobes | 22 ± 2 (0-5) | 3 ± 2 (1-5) | 4 ± 2 (1-5) | 3 ± 2 (1-5) | 3 ± 2 (1-5) | 4 ± 2 (1-5) | < 0.00011 |
CT score in each lobe | < 0.00011 | ||||||
Left upper lobe | 0 ± 1 (0-3) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-4) | 1 ± 1 (0-5) | |
Left lower lobe | 1 ± 1 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 2 ± 2 (0-5) | 2 ± 1 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | |
Right upper lobe | 0 ± 1 (0-3) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | |
Right middle lobe | 0 ± 1 (0-3) | 1 ± 1 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 1 (0-5) | 0 ± 1 (0-5) | |
Right lower lobe | 1 ± 2 (0-12) | 2 ± 1 (0-5) | 2 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 2 (0-5) | 1 ± 1 (0-5) | 1 ± 1 (0-5) |
Table 4 Distribution and frequency of the major of lung lesions on computed tomography in different stages defined by the time of onset of symptoms
Stage-1 (n = 157) | Stage-2 (n = 194) | Stage-3 (n = 165) | Stage-4 (n = 211) | Stage-5 (n = 204) | Stage-6 (n = 137) | |
Distribution of pulmonary lesions | ||||||
No lesion | 12/157 | 1/194 | 0/165 | 1/211 | 2/204 | 0/137 |
Peripheral | 60/157 | 18/194 | 55/165 | 105/211 | 88/204 | 66/137 |
Random | 85/157 | 162/194 | 88/165 | 75/211 | 78/204 | 44/137 |
Diffuse | 0/157 | 13/194 | 22/165 | 30/211 | 36/204 | 27/137 |
Involvement of the lesions | ||||||
No involvement | 12/157 | 0/194 | 0/165 | 0/211 | 0/204 | 0/137 |
Single lobe | 48/157 | 18/194 | 11/165 | 30/211 | 22/204 | 11/137 |
Bilateral multilobe | ||||||
GGO | 96/157 | 180/194 | 154/165 | 180/211 | 176/204 | 121/137 |
None | 24/157 | 0/194 | 22/165 | 30/211 | 47/204 | 49/137 |
Yes | 133/157 | 194/194 | 143/165 | 181/211 | 157/204 | 88/137 |
Crazy-paving pattern | ||||||
None | 120/157 | 104/194 | 110/165 | 180/211 | 183/204 | 126/137 |
Yes | 36/157 | 90/194 | 55/165 | 31/211 | 121/204 | 11/137 |
Consolidation | ||||||
None | 157/157 | 140/194 | 88/165 | 105/211 | 102/204 | 89/137 |
Yes | 0/157 | 54/194 | 77/165 | 105/211 | 102/204 | 48/137 |
Fibrosis | ||||||
None | 157/157 | 180/194 | 143/165 | 150/211 | 102/204 | 37/137 |
Yes | 0/157 | 14/194 | 22/165 | 61/211 | 102/204 | 100/137 |
Table 5 Associations of risk factors with incident mortality risk of coronavirus disease 2019
Variable | HR (95%CI) | P for overall association | P for nonlinear association | |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
Age (per year increase) | 1.06 (1.03, 1.10) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.09) | 0.080 | 0.805 |
CRP (per 1 mg/L increase) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.24) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.23) | 0.062 | 0.715 |
DD (per 1 μg/mL increase of NLT | 1.89 (1.34, 2.69) | 1.63 (1.03, 2.58) | 0.012 | 0.711 |
LDH (per 10 U/L increase) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.09) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.10) | 0.080 | 0.805 |
Procalcitonin (per 1 ng/mL increase of NLT) | 2.15 (1.59, 2.90) | 1.88 (1.22, 2.88) | 0.011 | 0.721 |
Table 6 Associations of risk factors with severe cases incident risk of coronavirus disease 2019
Variable | OR (95%CI) | P for overall association | P for nonlinear association | |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
Age (per year increase) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.010 | 0.192 |
WBC (per 1 × 109/L increase) | 1.27 (1.11, 1.46) | 1.20 (1.01, 1.45) | 0.003 | 0.046 |
FBG (per 1 mmol/L increase) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.33) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.32) | 0.036 | 0.064 |
Total cholesterol (per 1 mmol/L increase) | 1.43 (1.07, 1.91) | 1.65 (1.09, 2.50) | 0.028 | 0.260 |
LDH (per 10 U/L increase) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 0.009 | 0.268 |
Procalcitonin (per 1 ng/mL increase of NLT) | 2.26 (1.68, 3.05) | 1.75 (1.16, 2.65) | 0.007 | 0.099 |
- Citation: Zhao SC, Yu XQ, Lai XF, Duan R, Guo DL, Zhu Q. Dose-response relationship between risk factors and incidence of COVID-19 in 325 hospitalized patients: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10(10): 3047-3059
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v10/i10/3047.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i10.3047