Effective treatment of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes syndrome with congestive heart failure: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by a plasma cell proliferative disorder. The syndrome is characterized by elevated plasma cells, platelets, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Although heart disease rarely occurs in POEMS syndrome, the death rate increases sharply after heart failure. We report a patient who initially presented with an endocrine disease and developed congestive heart failure related to POEMS syndrome 9 years later.

CASE SUMMARY

A 23-year-old woman with no history of menstruation and a 9-year history of type I diabetes reported feeling breathless after activities. She could not lie down and rest at night. Three months prior, she experienced pain and increased tension in her left thigh accompanied by tenderness and edema in both lower extremities. The chief complaint upon hospital admission was that blood sugar has increased for more than 9 years, pain in the left thigh, and edema in both legs for more than 2 mo. After a multisystem evaluation, she was diagnosed with POEMS syndrome. Her echocardiogram showed left ventricular dilation with systolic dysfunction, and the left ventricular ejection fraction was only 38% with severely elevated brain natriuretic peptide. She received a combination of dexamethasone and thalidomide for 1 mo, but her symptoms did not improve. Therefore, we added a two-per-week bortezomib injection. After 2 wk, the patient’s heart function had improved significantly.

CONCLUSION

This case provides information about the treatment of POEMS syndrome with complications and highlights the challenges of developing a standardized treatment.

Key Words: Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes syndrome; Heart failure; Ejection fraction; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Bortezomib; Case report

Core Tip: The standardized treatment for multiple myeloma may become the first reference for the treatment of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome. We believe that the treatment effect for POEMS syndrome is poor once heart failure occurs. Therefore, early identification of heart disease and its cause along with timely follow-up treatment are critical to the treatment of POEMS syndrome. Whether this patient continues to undergo peripheral blood stem cell transplantation treatment after drug treatment remains to be evaluated. To date, the surgical indications and results have not been well defined, and a method for preventing heart disease has not been established for POEMS patients without heart failure.

INTRODUCTION

Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by a plasma cell proliferative disorder that is most commonly lambda restricted. This complex multisystem disease may involve angiogenesis and proinflammatory cytokines. For example, upregulation of various proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and above all, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of POEMS syndrome, contributing to vascular leakage and polyneuropathy. Cases of POEMS syndrome with heart failure are rare. Given the limited experiences with early diagnoses and follow-up treatments, no clinically standardized treatment is available. However, reports have described effective treatment methods[1] as well as methods of observing heart disease in patients with POEMS syndrome[2]. This case report describes a patient with POEMS syndrome and heart failure who has not yet received high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), dexamethasone, or thalidomide.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 23-year-old Chinese woman with overall poor physical development was admitted to the hospital because her blood sugar had increased over 9 years. In addition, her left thigh was swollen and painful, and her lower extremities showed edema.

History of present illness

The patient had been diagnosed with type I diabetes 9 years before she came to the hospital. However, she was not treated with regular insulin injections outside the hospital, and her blood sugar was not well controlled. One year ago, she felt tired after exercise and could not lie down at night; she also felt squeezing in her chest area during defecation. She felt pain in her left thigh pain and increased tension that had occurred more than 3 mo earlier accompanied by tenderness, edema in both lower extremities, paleness, swelling, and ulceration. Initially, she could walk autonomously but gradually became unstable while standing, even finding it difficult to squat during bowel movements.

History of past illness

“Cataractectomy” was performed 1 year ago.

Personal and family history

Menarche had not occurred to date, and she was diagnosed with a naive uterus outside our hospital. The family history was unremarkable.

Physical examination

The parameters of vital signs were as follows: Heart rate, 107 beats/min; BP 110/78 mmHg; height, 145 cm; and weight, 45 kg. The skin and mucous membranes of the whole body were pale. There was no pubic or axillary hair, and multiple areas of the skin were damaged and crusted. On auscultation, the breath sounds in both upper lungs were thick and weak, and moist rales were heard in both lower lungs. The abdomen was distended. The liver and spleen were unaffected and moved upon respiration. There was positive dullness and pitting edema of both lower limbs. There were no other obvious abnormalities.

Laboratory examinations

The patient’s laboratory results are listed in Table 1. Endocrine examination revealed hypothyroidism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The patient’s brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was severely elevated.

Table 1 Laboratory findings on admission.

Hematology	Serum chemistry	Endocrinology
WBC (7.71 × 109/L)	α1 (8.5%)	LH (0.02 mIU/mL)
Neu (65.4%)	γ (30.9%)	FSH (0.95 mIU/mL)
RBC (2.88 × 1012 /L)	Alb (22 g/L)	GH (11.69 ng/mL)
HB (85 g/dL)	cTnT (0.188 μg/L)	T3 (0.54 nmol/L)
Hct (28%)	Mb (272.8 ng/mL)	T4 (5.26 nmol/L)
PLT (360 × 109/L)	CK-MB (12.7 U/L)	TSH (17.634 mU/L)
	BNP (5487 pg/mL)	PTH (51.6 ng/L)
Urinalysis	PT (16.5 s)	IGF-1 (< 25.0 ng/mL)
	PTR (1.43)	VEGF (9800 pg/mL)
Protein (1921 μmol/dL)	INR (1.45)	IgG (23.90 g/L)
M protein (0.27 g/L)	Fbg (3.95 g/L)	IgA (5.04 g/L)
KET (++)	ALB (26 g/L)	HbA1c (8.10%)
	AST (30 U/L)
	ALT (25 U/L)
	BUN (7.4 mmol/L)
	CRE (50 μmol/L)
	UA (408 μmol/L)
	Na (135 mmol/L)
	K (4.8 mmol/L)
	Cl (104 mmol/L)

WBC: White blood cells; ALB: Albumin; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio; VEGF: Vascular endothelial-derived growth factor; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; RBC: Red blood cells; CK-MB: Creatine kinase MB; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone; TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; PT: Prothrombin time.

Imaging examinations

Electromyography showed that the conduction velocity of both upper limbs was slowed and accompanied by low amplitude M and F waves; edema of both lower limbs could not be detected. Computed tomography (CT) showed enlarged liver, spleen, and multiple lymph nodes with pleural effusion and ascites. We did not find monoclonal plasma cell proliferation by lymph node biopsy, bone biopsy, or flow cytometry. A 12-lead electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia (Figure 1). It is worth noting that echocardiography showed left ventricular dilation with systolic dysfunction, and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was only 38% (Figure 2). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed interstitial edema of the myocardium, myocardial native T1 values globally increased, and late gadolinium enhancement could represent definite myocardial necrosis (Figure 3).

Figure 1 Electrocardiograph showing sinus tachycardia.

Figure 2 Echocardiography showed diffuse hypokinesis of the left ventricle with a 38% ejection fraction. LV: Left ventricle; RV: Right ventricle; RA: Right atrium; LA: Left atrium.

Figure 3 T2-weighted images, late gadolinium enhancement, and T1 and T2 mapping in this patient. Mapping of the native T1 values of the left ventricle showed a diffusely enhanced T1 value of approximately 1380 msec. T2 = 45 ms. A: Edema ratio; B: Late gadolinium enhancement; C: T1; D: T2.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient had multiple neuropathy, organ enlargement, endocrine diseases, skin changes, and other manifestations, coupled with an increase of VEGF. She was finally diagnosed as having POEMS syndrome with congestive heart failure.

TREATMENT

We started her on an insulin pump (continuously adjusting the dose) with some oral medicines that were targeted to improve heart function. These drugs were digoxin (0.125 mg/d), sacubitril valsartan sodium tablets (50 mg/d), and furosemide (60 mg/d). To actively control blood sugar and improve heart function symptoms, 50 mg/d oral dexamethasone (4 consecutive days, repeated every 14 d) combined with 100 mg/d thalidomide (increased to 200 mg after 14 d) was administered. One month later, the patient's weight, cardiac ejection fraction, BNP, LVEF, and other indicators suggested that the patient’s lower limb edema and cardiac function had not significantly improved. Therefore, we changed the treatment plan based on the 1 mo of treatment, and the patient was administered intravenously with 20 mg/d dexamethasone (for 4 consecutive days/2 wk) and 50 mg/d oral thalidomide combined with 1.3 mg/m² bortezomib (injected twice a week for 2 consecutive weeks).

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient showed significant improvement in cardiac function at the 6th week after all treatments. For example, the LVEF increased to 45%, and a 5-kg weight loss was observed. A CT scan showed reduced hepatosplenomegaly, and serum VEGF levels decreased rapidly. In the process of continuing the treatment plan, we recommended that the patient undergo autologous stem cell transplantation to obtain a better prognosis and informed the patient of the adverse consequences of the treatment. The patient refused this treatment. In the current treatment plan, thalidomide was well tolerated, and there was no neurotoxicity with bortezomib. If oral medication is necessary, we can only give long-term medication as far as possible without affecting the patient’s future stem cell collection.

DISCUSSION

In most patients diagnosed with POEMS syndrome, neuropathy is the first clinical feature and may even be the only feature at the initial diagnosis[3]. However, based on all the examination results, this patient was diagnosed with multiple serous effusions with multisystem damage and multiple endocrine diseases; the cause of the heart function decline was unknown. There were no abnormally relevant immunological indicators of systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis during diagnosis and treatment; thus, rheumatic immune disease could not explain the patient's polyneuropathy. Studies have shown that monoclonal lambda sclerosing plasmacytoma or bone marrow infiltration can be detected in greater than 95% of patients[4], but we could not detect monoclonal plasma cell proliferation in this patient. A large amount of clinical data is needed to reassess whether single clonal plasma cell proliferative disease can become the main criterion for the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome[1]. Case reports of POEMS and retrospective studies have indicated that although the treatment of POEMS syndrome has not yet been standardized, current treatment methods have progressed from steroid monotherapy to more effective drugs and methods, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and other strategies. Radiotherapy is mainly aimed at patients with POEMS syndrome without bone marrow infiltration and bone lesions. In addition, systemic therapy is the most reasonable choice[5]. Available chemotherapy drugs include lenalidomide, thalidomide, bortezomib, bevacizumab, and others[6-11]. The successful treatment of POEMS syndrome is related to the treatment of potential clonal plasma cell disorder[12]. At present, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation under high-dose chemotherapy may be the best treatment for POEMS syndrome. After this treatment, we observed hematological improvement, nervous system response recovery, good survival rates, and other improvements[13]. However, for POEMS syndrome with different complications after a clear diagnosis, more case reports on how to choose treatment methods and how to judge the indications for PBSCT are needed. Pulmonary hypertension is more common in POEMS syndrome involving the cardiovascular system[14,15], but the syndrome rarely affects the heart. In addition, the performance of the heart is also different in these reported cases[2]. To date, only eight cases have been reported[1,16-20]. The case reported in this article represents the ninth case of POEMS syndrome with heart failure. The patient’s left ventricle was enlarged and exhibited decreased systolic function. Its pathogenesis may involve increased serum VEGF levels in POEMS syndrome. VEGF promotes vascular endothelial cell migration and increases vascular permeability. VEGF overexpression can cause extracellular edema of myocardial cells, increasing the distances between capillaries and myocardial fibers in the interstitium, affecting myocardial blood supply, and leading to contractile dysfunction[2]. However, it is still necessary to accumulate many cases to clarify the pathogenesis of POEMS with concurrent heart disease. According to reports by Daichi et al[1,7], thalidomide, which has been successfully used in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), is effective in treating POEMS syndrome with severe congestive heart failure[11]. However, chemotherapy is also effective. There are great risks, such as damage to the hematopoietic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system, but few adverse reactions have been reported after treatment. The curative effect can be observed through various factors, such as LVEF, BNP, plasma VEGF, electromyography, and endocrine markers[1,12]. However, individual differences in treatment response are possible. The patient’s response to dexamethasone and thalidomide was poor in this case. Given that no standardized treatment has been established, this poor response may be related to the dosage and method of medication administration, but some of them have not been used to treat heart failure. After using bortezomib as a basic treatment for patients with POEMS syndrome, disease activity is effectively controlled[21]. In this case, the patient's heart function improved significantly after the addition of bortezomib. The current research on proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of MM is more in-depth. We believe that both diseases are caused by abnormal plasma cells. When treating POEMS syndrome-related complications, we can still refer to the standardized treatment plan for MM first, and more clinical cases are still pending. According to reports, elevated BNP levels are associated with a poor prognosis in POEMS syndrome patients with pulmonary hypertension complications[22]. This finding suggests that once POEMS syndrome patients develop heart failure, the treatment effect is poor, and the mortality rate sharply increases. Therefore, early identification of heart disease and its causes and timely follow-up treatment of the heart are critical to the treatment of POEMS syndrome. In this case, it was necessary to exclude other organic heart diseases and abnormalities found by coronary angiography. For patients with POEMS syndrome and congestive heart failure caused by myocardial edema or diabetic cardiomyopathy, it is necessary to identify these conditions by cardiac MRI[2]. If necessary, an endocardial myocardial biopsy is feasible. Cardiac MRI can also evaluate POEMS-related heart disease management by detecting the volume of extracellular fluid. For this patient, although no monoclonal plasma cell proliferation was noted in the bone marrow, it seems that PBSCT could still be chosen[1]. In this case, this treatment may have been used to eliminate VEGF and other possible pathogenic cytokines in the body. The therapeutic effect can also be feedback through serum VEGF levels[7], but more postoperative case results are needed to support this principle. The postoperative results of the cases that have been treated with PBSCT suggest that surgical treatment may lead to high morbidity[4] due to various issues, such as multiple organ failure and even possible conversion to chronic myeloid leukemia. This article reports that whether patients should continue to undergo PBSCT treatment after drug treatment remains to be evaluated. The results and indications of surgery have not been well defined, and there is no established treatment method for preventing heart disease in POEMS patients with no heart failure.

CONCLUSION

In this case, the response to treatment with dexamethasone and thalidomide was poor. Given the lack of standardized treatment, the poor response may have been related to the dosage, method, and individual differences. However, the patient's heart function improved significantly after the addition of bortezomib. Current research on proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of MM has been relatively in-depth. We believe that these two diseases are both caused by abnormal plasma cells. The standardized treatment for MM should serve as the first reference for the treatment of POEMS syndrome-related complications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Hong-Bin Zhang, MD for his expert clinical consultation and assistance in preparing this manuscript.