Risk of group aggregative behavior during COVID-19 outbreak: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

At the end of 2019, a new epidemic of viral pneumonia emerged in China and was determined to be caused by a novel coronavirus, which was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization. The epidemic quickly spread, causing a worldwide pandemic. Scientists and clinicians across the globe have shifted their research efforts towards understanding the virus itself and its epidemiology.

CASE SUMMARY

In mid-January 2020, a Chinese family made a visit to a local city, and within the next 2 wk one after another fell ill with COVID-19. At the beginning of their first illness onset, the family had eaten in a restaurant, which led to the subsequent illness onset in another two families. All cases were diagnosed as COVID-19 by real-time fluorescent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiological investigation showed that the transmission chain was complete.

CONCLUSION

This chain of social exposure highlights the danger of group aggregative behavior for spread of COVID-19.

Key Words: COVID-19, Epidemiological investigation, Group aggregative behavior, Novel coronavirus, Pandemic, Social exposure, Case report

Core Tip: Since its first emergence at the end of 2019, we have gained limited knowledge about the coronavirus disease 2019 and its epidemiology. We investigated a group of aggregated cases, diagnosed by viral genetic testing (real-time fluorescent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), and characterized the epidemic characteristics of spread for such. The findings provide strong evidence for controlling human social behaviors to help mitigate the virus’s threat to human health.

INTRODUCTION

Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began to appear at the end of 2019[1], causing the sometimes life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it has spread globally and been responsible for over 1 million deaths to date. In order to combat the virus’s spread in the early days of the pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) published an interim guidance (dated January 29, 2020) that included actionable guidance to protect public health. Although the optimal epidemiological measures (i.e., screening) and methods (i.e., contract tracing) remain to be definitely established[2], it is clear that human social behaviors affect the epidemic event.

Here, we report a typical spread of COVID-19 due to congregational behavior. This experience should prompt both individuals and communities to pay attention to the risk of such social behavior during the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

On January 18, 2020, ten members of family A from Wuhan, China traveled to a local city. An elderly female experienced COVID-19 illness onset first, during their travel. In response, local healthcare authorities (on government mandate) concentrated the other nine family members in an isolated place for medical observation. Within the next week, four of those nine experienced illness onset.

At the beginning of February, another family (Family B) in the local city had three members fall ill with COVID-19 in a short (2 d) period. These three members included the hostess from a restaurant visited by Family A, who was the first of the three to fall ill (on February 2, 2020); the other two members fell ill on February 3, 2020.

Almost at the same time, another hostess (from family C) from the restaurant visited by family A experienced illness onset.

Every individual from the three families who fell ill presented to the appointed COVID-19 hospital.

History of present illness

In all cases, the patients’ symptoms (from all three families) were similar to a common cold but led to concern of COVID-19 due to the epidemic outbreak.

History of past illness

In all cases, the personal medical history was unremarkable.

Personal and family history

The members from family A and family B presented, subsequently, with the same illness onset within 1 wk or 2 wk of the index case.

Physical examination

In all cases, the physical examination (conducted at the appointed COVID-19 hospital) showed similar symptomatic profile, including cough, asthenia, anorexia, and body temperature > 37.5 ºC.

Laboratory examinations

In all cases, total white blood cell count and neutrophil count were within normal range.

Imaging examinations

For all cases, chest computed tomography scans showed multiple ground glass shadows in one or both lungs (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Chest computed tomography images showing multiple ground glass shadows in one or both lungs. A1: A 52-year-old woman from family A, showing bilateral subpleural (including interlobular pleura) distribution (mostly scattered) of small patchy ground glass density shadows; A2: A 37-year-old man from family A, showing the majority of the two lungs diverging in ground glass density shadows, being distributed in the outer zone. Some lesions, filled by air, were observed in bronchogram. Significant progress was seen 3 d later; B1: A 32-year-old woman from family B, showing multiple patchy and cord-like lesions scattered under the pleura of the lungs as well as some consolidated or ground glass density changes. The right pleura was slightly thickened and the left pleura was locally thickened; C1: A 42-year-old woman from family C, showing the middle lobe of the right upper lobe and tongue segment of the left upper lobe with multiple patchy density increasing shadows, mainly of ground glass appearance and with distribution under the chest.

Epidemiological investigation

Epidemiologic investigation was carried out by interview (via a questionnaire). Each suspected case was asked for information regarding their familial relatives, exposure histories during the 2 wk period of suspected exposure (including the dates, times, frequency, and patterns of exposures to any unknown person), especially those in Wuhan or exposures to any relevant environments, such as specific markets (e.g., live animal ‘wet’ markets)[3].

Family A came from Wuhan, which was the first place to report cases of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. The family reported having gone to a restaurant in a local city for dinner on the evening on January 19, 2020, at which time an elderly female member was experiencing illness symptoms during their travel. None of the members from family B and family C had a history of living or travel in the epidemic area of the city nor of contact with any related individuals; for both families, the exception was dining at a restaurant on the evening of January 19, 2020.

Thus, family B and family C, who were not familiar with each other, were present and eating in the same place, at the same time. This raised the question of whether the two families were exposed to any infectious sources accordingly? Follow-up with the restaurant itself afforded surveillance video of that day, which showed that family A was seated at a table between the tables occupied by family B and family C, respectively. Without warning, the three families who were unknown to each other formed a congregation, with family A from the epidemic area seated in the middle, and family B to the left and family C to the right. Family A had one member who had already begun to experience illness during that day; the timing of consecutive illness onset in family A and family B matched the incubation time of COVID-19 (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Epidemiological investigations showing a group aggregative infection pattern. Green, yellow, and red colors represent a normal condition, a potential risk condition, and a risk condition, respectively. On January 19, 2020, three families, unknown to each other, dined at the same place. “Admitted” indicates individuals from each family who were in-hospital; “Diagnosed” indicates individuals from each family who were confirmed as having coronavirus disease 2019 by laboratory testing. A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5, B1, B2, and B3, and C1 indicate the members from family A, family B, and family C who experienced consecutive illness onset, respectively. Adm: Admitted; Diag: Diagnosed; NA: Negative; PO: Positive; Rest: Restaurant.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

All COVID-19 diagnoses were made by real-time fluorescent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection of respiratory specimens, according to the “Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia” (6th Trial Version; http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/8334a8326dd94d329df351d7da8aefc2/files/b218cfeb1bc54639af227f922bf6b817.pdf). The kit used was specific to the COVID-19 virus gene sequence and was designed based on the previous WHO recommendation (Laboratory Diagnostics for Novel Coronavirus. WHO 2020). All tests were conducted by KingMed Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China), under supervision of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of the local city in China.

TREATMENT

Based on the local government’s policy, all COVID-19 cases from the three families were admitted as in-patients to COVID-19 appointed hospitals (representing two of such). The other family members were concentrated for a 14 d medical observation in an isolated place. Relevant clinical treatment was carried out for the COVID patients, following guidance from the “Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia” (6th Trial Version).

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

About 3 wk after the first case (family A) was discovered, all those with illness from the three families recovered from the pneumonia that had developed from the virus infection. All were allowed to leave the hospital after achieving a negative laboratory test result for the SARS-CoV-2-virus. Other members of the three families underwent four rounds of testing to confirm no SARS-CoV-2-infection during the 14 d period of medical observation.

DISCUSSION

As of mid-March, the epidemic situation in China was considered to be under control, although substantial difficulties and challenges were met, which are largely unknown abroad. A large number of lessons are worth learning for the Western countries, who are still under a COVID-19 storm. We report this case series, including consecutive persons infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus through an exposure of group aggregative dining behavior, to highlight that the virus spreads directly through the air.

This report draws our attention to the importance of personal prevention and control during a COVID-19 storm. Due to the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission[3], respiratory droplet transmission is more likely to occur in a narrow space[4]. Considering the swift spread among social congregations (and families) that is occurring continuously, populations need to minimize outings, reduce group aggregative behaviors, and practice effective isolation of any suspected cases. In addition, sufficient personal protection should be practiced, including the wearing of face masks and keeping a reasonable distance from other persons.

CONCLUSION

Infection with the COVID-19 virus can be life-threatening at worst and produce a negative impact on human health at best. The virus shows no regard for geographic region and all nations’ populations are at risk. It is thus necessary for us to check our behaviors, particularly group aggregative behaviors, to help curb the ongoing pandemic and the damage to individual lives threatened by COVID-19.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to acknowledge KingMed Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China) for the laboratory testing of case specimens and the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangzhou, China for supervising all epidemiologic investigations.