Impact of resection margins on long-term survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head carcinoma

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The impact of resection margin status on long-term survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for patients with pancreatic head carcinoma remains controversial and depends on the method used in the histopathological study of the resected specimens. This study aimed to examine the impact of resection margin status on the long-term overall survival of patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after PD using the tumor node metastasis standard.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with pancreatic head carcinoma who underwent PD at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital between May 2010 and May 2016 were included. The impact of resection margin status on long-term survival was retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

Among the 124 patients, R0 resection was achieved in 85 patients (68.5%), R1 resection in 38 patients (30.7%) and R2 resection in 1 patient (0.8%). The 1- and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were significantly higher for the patients who underwent R0 resection than the rates for those who underwent R1 resection (1-year OS rates: 69.4% vs 53.0%; 3-year OS rates: 26.9% vs 11.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that resection margin status and venous invasion were significant risk factors for OS.

CONCLUSION

Resection margin was an independent risk factor for OS for patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after PD. R0 resection was associated with significantly better OS after surgery.

Key Words: Pancreatic head cancer; Pancreaticoduodenectomy; R0 resection margin; Overall survival; Disease-free survival; R1 resection

Core tip: This study aimed to examine the impact of resection margin status on the long-term overall survival of patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after pancreaticoduodenectomy using the tumor node metastasis standard. We found the resection margin was an independent risk factor for overall survival for patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after pancreaticoduodenectomy. R0 resection was associated with significantly better overall survival after surgery. It is suggested that surgeons should perform radical resection for patients with pancreatic head cancer as much as possible.

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic carcinoma is well-known to have a poor prognosis, and R0 resection is the only treatment that provides the possibility of a cure. However, recurrence and metastasis are frequent after surgery, and the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate is approximately 6%[1,2]. The size and location of the tumor, resection margin status, lymphatic metastasis, neural invasion and tumor differentiation have been reported to positively correlate with postoperative long-term OS[3-5]. In recent years, the status of the resection margin has received much attention, but controversies still exist.

At present, there are no universally accepted histopathological examination procedures and standards used to evaluate resection margins for resected specimens after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The common criteria used to evaluate resection margins include tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging by the Union for International Cancer Control, the Japan Pancreas Society reporting guideline and the British Royal College of Pathologists standards[6-8]. While the definition used by the Union for International Cancer Control for R1 resection in the United States is microscopic evidence of tumor involvement of the resection margin[6], the British Royal College of Pathologists in the United Kingdom defined it as tumor involvement within 1 mm of the resection margin[8]. The impact of resection margin status on the long-term OS of patients differs with different evaluation procedures and standards. Some studies suggested that long-term OS for patients with R0 resection was significantly better than that for patients with R1 resection, while other studies indicated no significant differences[3-5,9-14].

This study aimed to investigate the impact of resection margin status on long-term OS in patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after PD based on the TNM standard.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient selection

Consecutive patients who underwent PD for pancreatic head carcinoma with curative intent by a single team of surgeons at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital between May 2010 and May 2016 were included in this study. Patients who died of complications in the perioperative period were not included because this study only focused on long-term OS. No patients received chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery. Patients with periampullary cancer, distal common bile duct cancer and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors were also excluded. Postoperative chemotherapy consisting of gemcitabine combined with abraxane and/or external irradiation was not routinely given even for patients with R1 resection. The pros and cons of chemotherapy were discussed with the patients, and only those who accepted chemotherapy received it.

Follow-up visits were conducted once every 1-2 mo in the first two years after surgery, once every 3-6 mo after surgery for years 3-5 and thereafter once every 6-12 mo. At each follow-up visit, after history taking and physical examination of the patient, laboratory blood tests and computed tomography were routinely performed. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. The study was registered with ResearchRegistry.com, and the work has been reported in line with the STROCSS criteria[15].

Surgical treatment

The surgical procedures included pylorus-preserving PD and PD. Stents were routinely placed across the pancreaticojejunostomy for external drainage and were removed after 4 wk. The range of lymph node dissection included lymph node groups 5, 8, 12, 13, 14 and 17. When the tumor had invaded the portal/superior mesenteric vein, venous resection and reconstruction were performed in selected patients. No patients in this study had combined resection and reconstruction of the portal/superior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric artery.

Pathological examination

The resected specimens were fixed in formalin for 24-48 h. The surgeon and a pathologist identified the orientation of the resected specimen together. The pathologist then prepared and stained specimen slices and studied them microscopically. The resection margins of the specimens included the gastric, duodenal, choledochal and pancreatic cut ends and included the pancreatic groove for the portal/superior mesenteric vein and artery and the surrounding connective tissue layers of the pancreas. The cut ends of the portal/superior mesenteric vein were also studied in cases involving resection of these vessels. Based on the TNM standards, R1 resection indicated that residual tumor cells were present at any resection margin under microscopic examination, and R0 resection indicated no residual tumor at any resection margins[6].

Statistical analysis

The primary outcome was OS. The chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was performed to evaluate the correlation between the resection margin status and categorical clinicopathological characteristics. Student's t test was used to evaluate continuous variables. OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and comparison of OS between subgroups was analyzed using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model for potential prognostic factors of OS. All reported P values were 2-sided. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS statistical software, version 20 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States).

RESULTS

Patient characteristics and pathology of pancreatic head carcinoma

For the 124 patients who underwent PD, the pathological diagnosis and tumor staging were based on the Eighth Version of the Union for International Cancer Control Classification (Table 1). The pathological diagnoses were pancreatic adenocarcinoma in 118 patients, pancreatic adenocarcinoma plus mucinous adenocarcinoma in 5 patients and pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma in 1 patient. According to the TNM standards, 59 patients were in stage I, 57 patients were in stage II, 7 patients were in stage III, and 1 patient was in stage IV. The numbers of R0, R1 and R2 resections were 85, 38 and 1, respectively. The median survival time of all patients was 16 mo (range: 7-66 mo).

Table 1 Patient demographics.

Clinicopathologic features	Value
Mean age (range), yr	59 (38-79)
Sex, M/F	76/48
Histopathologic diagnosis
Well differentiated	1
Moderately differentiated	74
Poorly differentiated	49
Adenocarcinoma	118
Adenocarcinoma + mucinouscarcinoma	5
Adenosquamous carcinoma	1
Stage (Union International Contre le Cancer, 8th ed)
I	59
II	57
III	7
IV	1
Resection margin status
R0	85
R1	38
R2	1
Median overall survival (range) in mo	16 (7-66)

Clinical and pathological characteristics associated with resection margins

The clinical and pathological characteristics of the patients in the R0 and R1 resection groups are summarized in Table 2. There were no significant differences in age, sex, tumor size, bile duct invasion, duodenal invasion, nerve plexus invasion, lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, frequency of postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy or mean hospital stay between the R0 (n = 85) and R1 groups (n = 38).

Table 2 Factors associated with microscopically positive resection margin (R2 resection was excluded).

	No. patients		P value
	R0	R1
Total patients	85	38
Age in yr			0.192
≥ 60	47	22
< 60	39	15
Sex			0.719
M	53	23
F	33	14
Tumor size in cm			1.000
< 2	6	3
≥ 2	80	34
Bile duct invasion			0.486
Negative	28	15
Positive	58	23
Duodenal invasion			0.480
Negative	40	12
Positive	46	25
Nerve plexus invasion			0.848
Negative	36	13
Positive	50	24
Lymph node metastasis			0.562
Negative	54	21
Positive	32	16
Venous invasion			0.435
Negative	79	32
Positive	7	5
Postoperative chemotherapy			0.180
No	45	25
Yes	41	12
Postoperative radiotherapy			0.354
No	67	44
Yes	18	4
Operation blood loss in mL	251.61 ± 173.94	299.23 ± 216.67	0.195
Hospital stay in d	16.70 ± 7.98	16.31 ± 5.65	0.786

Survival analysis

As the number of patients with R2 resection was small (n = 1), the patient was excluded from the survival analysis. The results of multivariate analysis on factors influencing OS are shown in Table 3. The mean OS of the 123 patients was 20.6 mo. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and log-rank tests on the impact of factors on OS, including age, sex, tumor size, degree of differentiation, margin status, bile duct invasion, duodenal invasion, nerve plexus invasion, lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, intraoperative blood loss and average hospitalization time showed only R1 resection (hazard ratio = 1.773; 95% confidence interval: 1.149-2.736) and venous invasion (hazard ratio = 2.771; 95% confidence interval: 1.447-5.304) to be significantly correlated with a decrease in postoperative OS. The mean OS rates in patients who underwent R0 and R1 resections were 22.8 mo and 15.5 mo, respectively (χ² = 7.287, P = 0.007) (Figure 1). The 1-year and 3-year survival rates were significantly higher in patients who underwent R0 resection than the rates in those who underwent R1 resection (1-year survival rate: 69.4% vs 53.0%; 3-year survival rate: 26.9% vs 11.7%). The mean OS rates in patients without and with venous invasion were 21.5 and 11.6 mo, respectively (χ² = 10.983, P = 0.001).

Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curves according to the resection margin status. The median survival for 85 patients with R0 resection was 22.8 mo, which was significantly longer (P = 0.007) than that for 38 patients with R1 resection (15.5 mo).

Table 3 Median survival of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head adenocarcinoma (R2 resection was excluded).

Prognostic variables	Univariate			Multivariate
	HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Age in yr
≥ 60	1.000	-	0.218
< 60	0.770	0.508-1.167
Sex
M	1.000	-	0.959
F	0.995	0.807-1.226
Tumor size in cm
≥ 2	1.000	-	0.140
< 2	0.507	0.206-1.251
Differentiation degree
Poor	1.000		0.791
Well + Middle	0.944	0.619-1.442
Margin status
R0	1.000	-	0.0101	1.000		0.0331
R1	1.773	1.149-2.736		1.632	1.041-2.529
Bile duct invasion
Negative	1.000	-	0.654
Positive	1.100	0.724-1.677
Duodenal invasion
Negative	1.000	-	0.415
Positive	1.188	0.785-1.796
Nerve plexus invasion
Negative	1.000	-	0.484
Positive	1.159	0.766-1.754
Lymph node metastasis
Negative	1.000	-	0.238
Positive	1.285	0.847-1.947
Venous invasion
Negative	1.000	-	0.0021	1.000		0.0101
Positive	2.771	1.447-5.304		2.395	1.237-4.636
Postop. chemotherapy			0.427
No	1.000	-
Yes	0.846	0.561-1.277
Postop. radiotherapy			0.944
No	1.000	-
Yes	1.018	0.624-1.660
Op. blood loss (100 mL)	1.001.	1.000-1.002	0.081
Postop. hospital stay	1.026	0.999-1.054	0.057

¹Statistically significant. HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

DISCUSSION

Advances in surgical techniques, a better understanding of anatomy and improvements in technology have considerably increased the safety and R0 resection rates for PD[16-18]. However, in the past decades long-term OS after resectional surgery with curative intent has not significantly improved. This led to the focus on factors influencing long-term survival, and resection margin status is one of the important factors.

At present, there is still no universally accepted and standardized technique to section a resected specimen obtained after PD for histological studies under the microscope. The accepted standard for evaluation of resection margins includes the TNM, Japan Pancreas Society and British Royal College of Pathologists standards[6-8]. Even the definition of R1 resection differs[6,8]. Based on different standards for resection margin, postoperative long-term survival in patients with pancreatic head cancer varies (Table 4). While some studies suggested that patients with R0 resection have better postoperative OS than R1 resection, other studies concluded that there were no differences in OS between R0 and R1 resection[19-23].

Table 4 Summary of studies evaluating the impact of margin status on survival.

Ref.	R1/R2 patients, n (%)	Resection status	Median R1/R2 survival in mo	Median R0 survival in mo
Podda et al[19], 2017	34 (36)	R1	18	26
Sugiura et al[20], 2013	40 (19)	R1	23	30
Petermann et al[13], 2013	36 (38)	R1	14	19
Zhang et al[14], 2012	48 (57)	R1	17	29
Rau et al[21], 2012	56 (44)	R1	14	19
Fatima et al[22], 2010	149 (24)	R1/R2	15/10	19
Kato et al[4], 2009	61 (35)	R1/R2	9/6	15
Raut et al[5], 2007	60 (17)	R1	22	28
Present study	38 (31)	R1	16	23

This study investigated the impact of resection margin status on postoperative long-term OS in patients using the TNM standard. The results suggested that patients with R0 resection had significantly better postoperative long-term OS than that of patients with R1 resection. The other independent factor influencing long-term OS was venous invasion. Other standard clinical parameters, such as age, sex, tumor size, differentiation degree, bile duct invasion, duodenal invasion, nerve plexus invasion, lymph node metastasis and intraoperative blood loss, were not found to be associated with postoperative long-term OS in our study.

The professional knowledge and experience of pathologists have a significant influence on determining the resection margin status. It is difficult for a pathologist on his own to orientate a resected specimen after PD and to decide where to section the sample to microscopically study resection margin status, which is an important factor for distinguishing R0 from R1 resection in pancreatic head cancer[24]. At our hospital, after the surgical specimens are fixed in formalin, the operating surgeon and a pathologist would orientate the sample together. The pathologist then obtains, stains and examines tissue slices at the appropriate sites to look at the resection margin status. The resection margins of the resected specimen routinely include the gastric, duodenal, choledochal and pancreatic cut ends; margins of the pancreatic groove for the portal/superior mesenteric vein and artery; the connective tissue layers surrounding the pancreas; and in appropriate cases, the cut ends of resected ends of the portal/superior mesenteric vein. Such samples obtained together by the pathologists and the operating surgeons provided an accurate method to define the significant resection margins.

The connective tissues on the posterior side of the pancreatic head and around the portal/superior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric artery, celiac axis and abdominal aorta are the common sites of residual tumor cells left after PD and present as R1 resection margins on microscopic examination[10,25-27]. To achieve higher R0 resection rates, complete resection of the mesopancreas[28,29], clearance of the mesopancreas triangle[30] and even resection of the mesopancreatoduodenum[31] have been proposed.

We must note that this study had limitations. First, our sample size was small, and patients who died of complications in the perioperative period were not included because this study focused only on long-term OS. Second, the follow-up isolation time was too long, which would affect the accuracy of overall survival. Future studies will be required to determine the impact of resection margin status on the long-term overall survival of patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after PD in a larger sample population.

This study suggested that patients with R0 resection had significantly better postoperative long-term OS than that of patients with R1 resection. Venous invasion was an independent factor influencing survival. Adequate resection to achieve R0 resection can improve postoperative long-term OS for patients with pancreatic head cancer.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

In recent years, the status of resection margin of patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has received much attention, but controversies still exist.

Research motivation

This study aimed to examine the impact of resection margin status on long-term overall survival (OS) of patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after PD.

Research objectives

This study examined the impact of resection margin status on long-term OS of patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after PD by the tumor node metastasis standard.

Research methods

Consecutive patients with pancreatic head carcinoma who underwent PD at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital between May 2010 and May 2016 were included. The impact of resection margin status on long-term OS was retrospectively analyzed.

Research results

Among the 124 patients, R0 resection was achieved in 85 patients (68.5%), R1 resection in 38 patients (30.7%) and R2 resection in 1 patient (0.8%). The 1- and 3-year OS rates were significantly higher for the patients who underwent R0 resection than those who underwent R1 resection (1-year OS rates: 69.4% vs 53.0%; 3-year OS rates: 26.9% vs 11.7%). Multivariate analysis showed resection margin status and venous invasion to be significant risk factors of OS. Future studies should be required to determine the impact of resection margin status on long-term OS of patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after PD in a larger sample population.

Research conclusions

This study suggested that patients with R0 resection had significantly better postoperative long-term OS than those with R1 resection. Venous invasion was an independent factor influencing survival. Adequate resection to achieve R0 resection can improve postoperative long-term OS for patients with pancreatic head cancer.

Research perspectives

The sample size of this study was small and patients who died of complications in the perioperative period were not included because this study focused only on long-term OS. The follow-up isolation time was also too long in this study, which would affect the accuracy of OS. Future studies will be required to determine the impact of resection margin status on long-term OS of patients with pancreatic head carcinoma after PD in larger sample population.