Understanding the etiology of mental health problems in post-rehabilitation COVID-19 patients: Insights and strategies for effective intervention

Abstract

In this editorial, we comment on an article by Alhammad et al that was published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Cases (Manuscript No.: 91134). We specifically focus on the mental health problems caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), their mechanisms, and targeted rehabilitation strategies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, via its spike protein, binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and other receptors prior to infiltrating diverse cells within the central nervous system, including endothelial cells, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, thereby contributing to the development of mental illnesses. Epidemiological data from 2020 underscored the global upsurge in major depressive and anxiety disorders by 27.6% and 25.6%, respectively, during the pandemic. The commented research show that 30% of post-intensive care unit discharge patients with COVID-19 in the Arabic region exhibited Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores that were indicative of anxiety and depression. While acknowledging psychosocial factors, such as grief and loss, it is crucial to recognize the potential neurological impact of the virus through various mechanisms. Accordingly, interventions that encompass dietary measures, health supplements, and traditional Chinese medicine with neuroprotective properties are necessary. This editorial underscores the urgency to implement comprehensive rehabilitation approaches to address the intricate interplay between COVID-19 and mental well-being.

Key Words: COVID-19, Mental health, Rehabilitation therapy, Chronic COVID-19 syndrome, Social medicine

Core Tip: Epidemiological data from 2020 have revealed a worldwide escalation in major depressive disorders by 27.6% and in anxiety disorders by 25.6% amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The prevalence of mental health issues among patients with COVID-19 after rehabilitation is on the rise and is potentially linked to bereavement or the neurological impact of the virus. Implementing dietary interventions, health supplements, and traditional Chinese medicines with neuroprotective properties is imperative to safeguard the nervous systems of these individuals and improve their mental well-being.

INTRODUCTION

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originating in December 2019, is an RNA virus classified within the coronavirus family. Its entry into the body is facilitated by the spike protein (S protein), which binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and other receptors. This enables the virus to infiltrate a variety of cells within the central nervous system (CNS), including endothelial cells, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes[1]. This broad cellular invasion has profound implications on the host. Evidence suggests that infection of these CNS-resident cells may lead to enduring consequences and potentially contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders over time[2]. Epidemiological data from 2020 revealed a global surge in patients with major depressive disorders by 27.6% and in anxiety disorders by 25.6% amidst the pandemic[3]. Furthermore, a survey that involved 402 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors indicated varying rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and insomnia, with percentages reaching as high as 42% for anxiety[4]. Neurological symptoms, including headache, altered consciousness, and paresthesia, have been documented in 36.4% of patients with COVID-19, particularly among the severely affected[5]. The neurological impact is notably high, reaching levels up to 88% in severely infected individuals[6]. Autopsy findings have revealed brain tissue edema and neuronal degeneration. The Beijing Ditan Hospital reported a case of viral encephalitis induced by SARS-CoV-2 attacking the CNS[7]. Additionally, genome sequencing has confirmed the presence of the virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which highlights the potential of COVID-19 to inflict nervous system damage[8]. The study of interest showed that 30% of patients with COVID-19 in the Arabic region exhibited Hospital Anxiety and Depression scales scores that reflect anxiety and depression following discharge from the intensive care unit[9]. This underscores the importance of analyzing the potential causes of poor mental health of and offering rehabilitation recommendations for patients with COVID-19.

INFLUENCING FACTORS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF POOR MENTAL HEALTH IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19

Years of trauma research indicate that, following negative life events, such as loss or exposure to disasters, most individuals experience either resilience, where there is minimal impact on symptoms of anxiety or depression, or recovery, marked by an initial increase in symptoms followed by improvement[10]. This trend aligns with the findings of extensive studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. During this period, anxiety and depression symptoms peaked, likely as an acute response to an unforeseen crisis[11]. Therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility that the patients included in the study may have experienced mental health problems due to excessive longing or sadness caused by the passing of family or friends.

However, perturbations in the immune system triggered by an infection can also lead to psychopathological symptoms, as evidenced by past coronavirus outbreaks[12]. In a study conducted in India, postmortem examinations of the brains of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques following pulmonary disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 revealed T cell infiltration and microglial activation[13]. Damage to the immune system can diminish the ability of the nerve tissues to resist pathogen invasion and efficiently clear harmful substances, potentially resulting in mental health problems. Viral infections can also directly affect neurological function and potentially cause severe neurological damage. SARS-CoV-2 has been found to possess neurotropic properties and can induce neurological diseases. Evidence suggests that coronaviruses can be detected in the brain or colony-stimulating factor, thus potentially leading to psychopathological sequelae through direct infection of the CNS or indirectly via immune responses[14]. Various studies, including clinical observations, post-mortem analyses, animal experiments, and in vitro studies, have highlighted the neurotropic potential of coronaviruses and their ability to cause neuronal injury[15]. Additionally, research by Dantzer[16] suggests that the immune response to coronaviruses, characterized by a "cytokine storm," may contribute to psychiatric symptoms by triggering neuroinflammation. A possible mechanism for this is shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, preliminary findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 instigates molecular and cellular alterations akin to those observed in Alzheimer's disease[17]. Another study indicates that neurotoxic amyloidogenic peptides derived from SARS-CoV-2 could be responsible for triggering neurological symptoms in patients with COVID-19[18], such as α-synuclein aggregates, which are involved in Parkinson's disease[19]. Moreover, a study from the United States suggested that SARS-CoV-2-infected mice displayed respiratory symptoms exhibiting increased expression of cytokines and chemokines, CCL11, in their CSF, resulting in hippocampal microglia activation. Subsequently, leading to impaired neurogenesis and loss of oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons[20]. Therefore, patients with severe clinical symptoms are more likely to experience mental-health problems.

Figure 1 Viral infections can directly cause imbalances in the circulatory system, such as increased interleukin release, lymphatic system disruption, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability. Additionally, infections can directly cause neuronal demyelination, potentially leading to mental health problems and inflammatory brain diseases. Moreover, the hypoxia induced by severe coronavirus disease 2019 can elevate anaerobic and acid metabolite levels, thus further affecting the nervous system. Additionally, viruses can infiltrate the brain through angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors, thereby disrupting the immune environment and causing damage. BBB: Blood-brain barrier; IL: Interleukin; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

APPROPRIATE REHABILITATION TREATMENT IS FEASIBLE

Those with mental problems after a COVID-19 diagnosis should follow doctors’ advice regarding the reasonable use of psychotherapeutic drugs during the recovery period[21]. Herein, we discuss the prevention of mental illness in convalescent patients with COVID-19 who are mentally healthy or in a sub-healthy state. Research has shown that Hericium erinaceus contains erinacines and hericenones, which stimulate the release of nerve growth factors, regulate inflammatory processes, reduce oxidative stress, protect nerve cells from apoptosis, and can be used as a functional food[22]. In addition, the products of some health care companies can also be used to prevent mental problems in patients with COVID-19 after rehabilitation, such as Sour jujube kernel γ-aminobutyric acid tablets (nutrilite^®) and Broken wall Ganoderma spore powder (nutrilite^®). Prior studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine has significant efficacy in protecting the nervous system. The research of Liu et al[23] showed that Panax ginseng (Meyer) and Panax notoginseng (Burkill) contain important bioactive ingredients such as ginsenosides and exert multiple pharmacological effects on the nervous system and immune diseases. Therefore, these methods can be used to improve the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 and effectively reduce the occurrence of mental diseases.

CONCLUSION

In general, mental illness or mental health issues are increasing in patients with COVID-19 after rehabilitation, which may be related to the loss of relatives or invasion of the nervous system of patients with COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to perform psychological rehabilitation for patients with COVID-19.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our gratitude to Dr. Hong W, Marketing Manager Kuang Junjie, and Professor He YZ from Amway for their suggestions on relevant health products.