Meta-Analysis Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Cases. Nov 26, 2022; 10(33): 12230-12239
Published online Nov 26, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i33.12230
Prognostic role of pretreatment serum ferritin concentration in lung cancer patients: A meta-analysis
Yang Gao, Jin-Tong Ge, Department of Cardiology Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223001, Jiangsu Province, China
ORCID number: Yang Gao (0000-0002-7676-3261); Jin-Tong Ge (0000-0002-6470-9524).
Author contributions: Ge JT made the substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work; Gao Y and Ge JT searched, selected materials and extracted data; Gao Y wrote this manuscript; Gao Y and Ge JT revised the paper carefully and also contributed to the statistical analysis; All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that there are no competing interests associated with this manuscript.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: This meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA 2009) checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Jin-Tong Ge, MD, Professor, Department of Cardiology Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Yellow River West Road, Huaian 223001, Jiangsu Province, China. 15851861990@163.com
Received: August 23, 2022
Peer-review started: August 23, 2022
First decision: October 17, 2022
Revised: October 19, 2022
Accepted: October 24, 2022
Article in press: October 24, 2022
Published online: November 26, 2022
Processing time: 92 Days and 6.7 Hours

Abstract
BACKGROUND

The association between pretreatment serum ferritin concentration (SFC) and long-term survival in lung cancer remains unclear now.

AIM

To identify the prognostic value of pretreatment SFC in lung cancer patients based on current evidence.

METHODS

The PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to May 29, 2022 for relevant studies. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and the hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were combined to assess the predictive role of pretreatment SFC for long-term survival of lung cancer patients. The data were then extracted and assessed on the basis of the Reference Citation Analysis (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/).

RESULTS

Twelve retrospective studies involving 1654 patients were analyzed. The results manifested that increased pretreatment SFC was associated with worse OS (HR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.03-1.15, P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis stratified by the country (China vs non-China) showed similar results. However, subgroup analysis stratified by tumor type revealed inconsistent results (lung cancer: HR = 1.39, P = 0.008; small cell lung cancer: HR = 1.99, P = 0.175; non-small cell lung cancer: HR = 1.03, P = 0.281).

CONCLUSION

Pretreatment SFC might serve as a promising prognostic indicator in lung cancer patients and elevated pretreatment SFC predicts worse prognosis. However, more high-quality studies with big sample sizes are still needed to further verify its prognostic value in lung cancer.

Key Words: Serum ferritin concentration; Prognosis; Lung cancer; Meta-analysis

Core Tip: Our results manifested that increased pretreatment serum ferritin concentration (SFC) was significantly associated with worse overall survival (P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis based on the country (China vs non-China) showed similar results. However, subgroup analysis stratified by tumor type revealed inconsistent results (lung cancer: HR = 1.39, P = 0.008; small cell lung cancer: HR = 1.99, P = 0.175; non-small cell lung cancer: HR = 1.03, P = 0.281). Pretreatment SFC might serve as a promising prognostic indicator in lung cancer patients and elevated pretreatment SFC predicts worse prognosis. However, more high-quality studies with big sample sizes are still needed to further verify its prognostic value in lung cancer.
INTRODUCTION

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in China and remains the leading cause of cancer-related death[1]. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) account for about 85% and 15% of all lung cancer cases, respectively[2,3]. Despite the great advances in the screening and therapy strategies of lung cancer, the overall prognosis of lung cancer patients is still not optimistic[1,4,5]. The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) remains the most authoritative tool for prediction of long-term survival and formulation of treatment strategy. However, in some cases, TNM stage system is not enough for clinical guidance because of the significant heterogeneity between lung cancer patients with the same TNM stage. Thus, it is necessary to identify more valuable prognostic indicators in lung cancer.

Iron is an essential trace element for the human body. It is not only necessary for oxygen supply to all cells, but also participates in redox reactions and cell growth processes[6]. Besides, it also plays an important role in antioxidant defense reactions[6]. However, elevated serum iron levels would accelerate redox reactions and the production of reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl radicals. The hydroxyl radical is a highly active substance which can induce lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, leading to the occurrence and development of some cancers[7-10]. Compared with normal cells, tumor cells are highly dependent on iron, which is called iron addiction[11]. It is known that serum ferritin is a reliable indicator reflection the iron level. A number of studies have manifested that the serum ferritin concentration (SFC) is obviously increased and also associated with long-term survival in cancer patients[12-16]. Up to now, a number of studies explored the predictive role of pretreatment SFC for prognosis in lung cancer with inconsistent results[17-28].

Therefore, we aimed to further verify the prognosis value of pretreatment SFC in lung cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA 2009) checklist[29].

Literature search

In this meta-analysis, the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science electronic databases were searched from inception to May 29, 2022 for studies exploring the prognostic value of pretreatment SFC in lung cancer. The following key words were used during the search process: Ferritin, lung, pulmonary, tumor, cancer, neoplasm, carcinoma, prognosis, prognostic and survival. The specific search strategy in the PubMed was as follows: (ferritin) AND (lung OR pulmonary) AND (tumor OR cancer OR neoplasm OR carcinoma) AND (prognosis OR prognostic OR survival). Furthermore, the references in the included studies were also reviewed for availability. Meanwhile, Reference Citation Analysis (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/) was used to supplement the search.

Inclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Patients were pathologically diagnosed with primary lung cancer; (2) the SFC was calculated before anti-tumor treatment including the surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and others; (3) the overall survival (OS) or other similar survival indexes of patients were compared between increased and decreased pretreatment SFC groups; and (4) the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported in the articles or enough data were provided to calculate them.

Exclusion criteria

The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Reviews, meeting abstracts, editorials, letters or animal trials; (2) insufficient data for assessment of study quality; and (3) the HRs with corresponding 95%CIs were not available.

Data extraction

The following information was extracted from each included studies: the name of first author, publication year, country, sample size, tumor type, TNM stage, treatment (surgery vs non-surgery), cutoff value of SFC, endpoint, HR and 95%CI.

Quality assessment

The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated according to the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS)[30]. The NOS consisted of three parameters of quality: Selection (representativeness of the exposed cohort, selection of the non-exposed cohort, ascertainment of exposure and outcome of interest), comparability (comparability of cohorts), and outcome (assessment of outcome, time of follow-up and adequacy of follow-up). Studies with a NOS score of 6 or higher were defined as high-quality studies[30].

Besides, the literature search, selection, data extraction and quality assessment were all conducted by two authors independently and any disagreement was resolved by team discussion.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analysis of this study were performed by STATA 15.0 software (College Station, TX, United States). The HRs with 95%CIs were combined to identify the association of pretreatment SFC with prognosis of lung cancer patients. The heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochran’s Q test and Higgins I2 statistic; P < 0.10 and/or I2 > 50% was defined as significant heterogeneity among studies, and the random-effects model was used for the pooled effect estimates, otherwise the fixed-effects model was used[31]. Subgroup analyses stratified by the country (non-China vs China) and tumor type (SCLC vs lung cancer vs NSCLC) were conducted. Sensitivity analysis for OS was performed by removing individual study from the meta-analysis each time. Besides, the Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test were also conducted to detect the publication bias[32]. If publication bias was observed by presenting a P < 0.05, the nonparametric trim-and-fill method was applied to re-estimate a corrective effect size after publication bias was adjusted.

RESULTS
Literature search

Initially, 978 records were found in databases and 181 duplicated records were removed. Then 763 irrelevant publications were excluded. Subsequently, the full texts of 18 publications were reviewed after removing 16 records due to the design nature. Eventually, only 12 publications were included [17-28]. The detailed selection process was presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1
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Figure 1  The flow diagram of this meta-analysis.
Basic characteristics of included studies

Among 12 retrospective included studies, 1654 patients were involved with the sample size ranged from 25 to 400. Most studies were from Asian countries. Five[19,23-26] and four[17,19,22,27] studies focused on NSCLC and SCLC, separately. The cutoff values of SFC ranged from 114.1 ng/dL to 400 ng/dL. All included studies were high-quality studies with a NOS score ≥ 6. Detailed information was presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Basic characteristics of included studies.
Ref.CountrySample sizeTumor typeTNM stageTreatmentCutoff value of ferritin (ng/dL)NOS
Endpoint
Selection
Comparability
Outcome
Overall
Milman et al[17], 1991Denmark31SCLCLimited and advancedNon-surgery4003036OS
Ferrigno et al[18], 1992Italy168LCI-IVMixed2364026OS
Milman et al[19], 2002Denmark90NSCLCI-IVMixed3004037OS
Milman et al[19], 2002Denmark25SCLCLimited and advancedMixed3003036OS
Erbaycu et al[20], 2008Turkey41LCI-IVMixed2203036OS
Zhao et al[21], 2014China69LCIVNon-surgeryNR4037OS
Xie et al[22], 2018China72SCLCLimited and advancedNRNR4037OS
Lee et al[23], 2019Republic of Korea138NSCLCIIIB-IVNon-surgery2004037OS
Ma et al[24], 2019China393NSCLCI-IIINR382.654037OS
Sun[25], 2020China72NSCLCIII-IVNon-surgeryMale: 200, female: 1503036OS
Ji et al[26], 2021China69NSCLCIIIB-IVNon-surgery311.13036OS
Xiao[27], 2021China86SCLCNRNRNR3036OS
Zhu[28], 2021China400LCI-IVNR114.14037OS
LC: Lung cancer; SCLC: Small cell lung cancer; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; NR: Not reported; OS: Overall survival; NOS: Newcastle Ottawa Scale.
The association between pretreatment SFC and OS of lung cancer patients

The results demonstrated that increased pretreatment SFC was significantly associated with poorer OS in lung cancer (HR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.03-1.15, P = 0.004; I2 = 86.5%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001) (Figure 2).

Figure 2
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Figure 2  The association between pretreatment serum ferritin concentration and overall survival of lung cancer patients.

Subgroup analysis based on the country was performed and the results manifested that pretreatment SFC had high prognostic value in both non-Chinese (HR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.27-2.03, P < 0.001) and Chinese patients (HR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.00-1.12, P = 0.042) (Table 2). Besides, subgroup analysis stratified by the tumor type showed inconsistent results. Pretreatment SFC was related to the OS in lung cancer (HR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.09-1.77, P = 0.008), but no significant association between pretreatment SFC and OS in SCLC (HR = 1.99, 95%CI: 0.74-5.35, P = 0.175) and NSCLC (HR = 1.03, 95%CI: 0.98-1.07, P = 0.281) (Table 2).

Table 2 Results of meta-analysis.
No. of studies
HR
95%CI
P value
I2 (%)
Pheterogeneity
Overall survival12 (17-28)1.091.03-1.150.00486.5< 0.001
Country
Non-China5 (17-20, 23)1.611.27-2.03< 0.0010.00.760
China7 (21, 22, 24-28)1.061.00-1.120.04291.5< 0.001
Tumor type
SCLC4 (17, 19, 22, 27)1.990.74-5.350.17590.7< 0.001
LC4 (18, 20, 21, 28)1.391.09-1.770.0080.00.666
NSCLC5 (19, 23-26)1.030.98-1.070.28186.2< 0.001
HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; SCLC: Small cell lung cancer; LC: Lung cancer; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer.
Sensitivity analysis and publication bias

The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the results were stable and relatively reliable (Figure 3). However, the studies by Sun et al[25] and Ji et al[26] showed relatively obvious impacts on the overall results. Furthermore, due to the asymmetric Begg’s funnel plot (Figure 4) and P = 0.009 of Egger’s test, significant publication bias was observed. Then the trim-and-fill method was used and we detected five potentially unpublished studies (Figure 5). After combining these five studies, the new estimated HRs were 1.003 (95%CI: 1.000-1.006, P = 0.031) for fixed-effects model and 1.051 (95%CI: 0.984-1.123, P = 0.139) for random-effects model, separately. Thus, more prospective high-quality studies are still needed to further explore the prognostic value of pretreatment SFC in lung cancer patients.

Figure 3
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Figure 3  Sensitivity analysis about the association between pretreatment serum ferritin concentration and overall survival of lung cancer patients.
Figure 4
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Figure 4  Begg’s funnel plot.
Figure 5
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Figure 5  Filled funnel plot.
DISCUSSION

In the current meta-analysis, 12 studies involving 1654 Lung cancer patients were included and the results demonstrated that elevated pretreatment SFC was a significant predictor for worse OS in lung cancer. Subgroup analysis based on the country (China vs non-China) showed similar results, but the subgroup analysis stratified by the tumor type (SCLC vs lung cancer vs NSCLC) showed inconsistent findings. Therefore, in overall, pretreatment SFC is believed to serve as a promising prognostic indicator in lung cancer. However, more prospective high-quality studies are still needed to further explore the prognostic role of pretreatment SFC in lung cancer.

Serum ferritin is the main indicator which reflects the amount of iron storage in the human body. The elevation of SFC is mainly caused by clearance barriers or increased sources of ferritin. In clinics, liver disease which results in the decreased liver function is a major cause of impaired clearance for ferritin[33]. On the other hand, tumor is the main cause of excess production of ferritin and it has been widely reported that cancer patients show obvious increased SFC compared with normal population[34,35]. Sukiennicki et al[36] conducted a case control study involving 200 Lung cancer patients and 200 matched healthy people, which indicated that lung cancer patients had significantly higher mean SFC (P = 0.007). The studies by Cobanoglu et al[37] and Zhu et al[28] manifested similar results. However, this phenomenon is different in male and female patients and positive association between increased SFC and incidence of lung cancer is only observed in male patients[36,37]. Meanwhile, in male lung cancer patients, smoking obviously contributes to the elevation of SFC (P = 0.036)[38,39]. However, for female lung cancer patients, menstruation is one of the important factors affecting SFC[40]. Besides, some other parameters may also affect the SFC like the tumor stage[40]. Thus, the baseline SFC varies in different populations and is regulated by many mechanisms.

Up to now, the prognostic value of pretreatment SFC in several types of cancers has been verified. Lin et al[41] included seven relevant studies involving 1244 patients and demonstrated that elevated pretreatment SFC was related to worse OS (HR = 1.60, P < 0.001) and RFS/progression-free survival (PFS)/time to recurrence (HR = 1.70, P = 0.008) in hepatobiliary and pancreas cancers. Besides, Demir et al[12] manifested that high SFC was associated with worse survival. Furthermore, Kim et al[42] manifested that elevated SFC was related to poor prognosis in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

Actually, there are still many fields worthy of further investigation about the SFC in lung cancer. First, the current meta-analysis only revealed that pretreatment SFC was related to prognosis of lung cancer. Thus, it is necessary to explore the association between the changes of SFC during the anti-tumor treatment and long-term survival. Second, as mentioned above, it is believed that the baseline SFC varies in different people. Therefore, the optimal cutoff value of SFC should be specific in different populations. Third, it is also needed to explore the clinical value of interfering with SFC.

There are several limitations in this meta-analysis. First, all included studies are retrospective and the overall sample size is relatively small, which may cause some bias. Second, we were unable to conduct more subgroup analyses based on other important parameters such as the TNM stage, age, sex and smoking history due to the unobtainable original data. Third, obvious heterogeneity existed in this meta-analysis. However, subgroup analysis did not find sources of heterogeneity. Four, in this type of meta-analysis, the optimal cutoff value of pretreatment SFC could not be determined. Five, the significant publication bias was observed in our meta-analysis, although the potentially unpublished studies did not have a significant impact on the pooled results.

CONCLUSION

In overall, pretreatment SFC might serve as a promising prognostic indicator in lung cancer patients and elevated pretreatment SFC predicts worse prognosis. However, more prospective high-quality studies with big sample sizes are still needed to further verify its prognostic value in lung cancer.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background

The association between pretreatment serum ferritin concentration (SFC) and long-term survival in lung cancer remains unclear now.

Research motivation

Whether the pretreatment SFC could play a role in predicting long-term survival in lung cancer remains unclear.

Research objectives

To identify the prognostic value of pretreatment SFC in lung cancer patients based on current evidence.

Research methods

The PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to May 29, 2022 for relevant studies. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were combined to assess the predictive role of pretreatment SFC for long-term survival of lung cancer patients. All statistical analysis was conducted by STATA 15.0.

Research results

A total of 12 retrospective studies involving 1654 patients were included. The pooled results manifested that increased pretreatment SFC was significantly associated with worse OS (HR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.03-1.15, P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis based on the country (China vs non-China) showed similar results. However, subgroup analysis stratified by tumor type revealed inconsistent results (lung cancer: HR = 1.39, P = 0.008; small cell lung cancer: HR = 1.99, P = 0.175; non-small cell lung cancer: HR = 1.03, P = 0.281).

Research conclusions

Pretreatment SFC might serve as a promising prognostic indicator in lung cancer patients and elevated pretreatment SFC predicts worse prognosis.

Research perspectives

The pretreatment SFC might contribute to the clinical management and treatment of lung cancer patients.

Footnotes

Provenance and peer review: Unsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.

Peer-review model: Single blind

Specialty type: Oncology

Country/Territory of origin: China

Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification

Grade A (Excellent): 0

Grade B (Very good): B, B

Grade C (Good): C

Grade D (Fair): 0

Grade E (Poor): 0

P-Reviewer: Andriolo LG, Italy; Gupta P, United States; Yang X, China S-Editor: Liu JH L-Editor: A P-Editor: Liu JH

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