Postpartum posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary to preeclampsia and cerebrospinal fluid leakage: A case report and literature review

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Postpartum posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is not uncommon. Its mechanisms and risk factors are not clear.

CASE SUMMARY

A 28-year-old woman underwent cesarean section but had inadvertent dural puncture during epidural anesthesia. To manage the symptoms of intracranial hypotension, crystalloid fluid was infused. However, the patient developed postpartum preeclampsia and PRES. The patient was treated with diazepam and dehydration therapy. The signs of cerebral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging disappeared on postpartum day 7.

CONCLUSION

Postpartum preeclampsia and PRES can develop concomitantly. Treating postdural puncture headaches with infusion of crystalloid fluid may precipitate the development of PRES.

Key Words: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Dural puncture, Intracranial hypotension, Crystalloid fluid, Case report

Core Tip: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is often associated with hypertension and eclampsia. Here, we report a case of postpartum PRES secondary to preeclampsia and intracranial hypotension caused by dural puncture and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. This case highlights the risk of PRES in laboring women with intracranial hypotension secondary to cerebrospinal fluid leakage and hypertension caused by intraspinal anesthesia.

INTRODUCTION

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, is characterized by headaches, disturbance of consciousness, epilepsy and visual impairment[1]. Imaging examination may show subcortex edema of the parietooccipital lobe in PRES. It is often associated with hypertension, eclampsia, use of immunosuppressants and systemic lupus erythematosus. PRES is usually reversible with good prognosis, but in some cases it may leave permanent neurological sequelae and even cause death[2].

Here, we report a case of postpartum PRES secondary to preeclampsia and intracranial hypotension caused by dural puncture and cerebrospinal fluid leakage.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 28-year-old woman suddenly lost consciousness and had general convulsions lasting about 1 min on the second day after cesarean section.

History of present illness

The patient was scheduled for cesarean section under epidural anesthesia using the combined spinal-epidural technique, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ, 69 kg, 159 cm, 40 wk in gestation, and G2P0. The cesarean section was chosen due to social factors. Her prenatal examination and central nervous system examination were unremarkable. No gestational hypertension was noted during pregnancy. Blood routine, coagulation function, and electrocardiography were normal before the operation.

It should be noted that the parturient was very nervous after admission, and often cried and shouted in the ward. The patient fasted on the day of operation. Epidural anesthesia was performed using a one-time lumbar hard joint puncture bag, an internal needle type, a 16 G epidural puncture needle, and a 25 G lumbar anesthesia needle. The L3-L4 gap was selected to perform the combined lumbar and peridural puncture.

When puncturing the lumbar spine, the patient suddenly cried and struggled. We tried to comfort the patient and ease her nervousness. During this chaos, the epidural puncture needle inadvertently entered the subarachnoid cavity at 13:55, although it was withdrawn immediately. Then, lumbar anesthesia was successfully performed at the L2-L3 gap, with 7.5 mg bupivacaine injected into the subarachnoid cavity. The block plane at the beginning of operation was T8-S5. A baby girl was delivered with a weight of 3305 g and an Apgar score of 9 points at one minute after birth. The operation was completed at 14:48. The total volume of bleeding during the operation and on the first postoperative day was estimated to be 50 mL.

Two and half hours after the delivery at 17:30, the patient complained of headaches. Postdural puncture headaches and intracranial hypotension were suspected. The patient was treated with rehydration with crystal salt solution and lying flat without a pillow. The total volume of intravenous rehydration on the day of operation was 4000 mL, including 500 mL of colloidal solution. The headache was relieved at 21:30. However, several hours later at 04:45 of the next day, the patient suddenly lost consciousness and had general convulsions lasting about 1 min, which occurred again at 08:43 (Figure 1). No symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or visual disturbances were noticed. Emergent blood biochemistry test showed slightly decreased serum levels of electrolytes, including sodium (135 mmol/L), potassium (3.40 mmol/L), magnesium (0.56 mmol/L), calcium (1.96 mmol/L), and phosphorus (0.63 mmol/L).

Figure 1 Timeline of the symptoms and treatment. PRES: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.

History of past illness

The patient has no history of systemic disease.

Personal and family history

Her personal and family history was unremarkable.

Physical examination

The patient had newly developed hypertension (160/104 mmHg) and fundus artery spasm. Fundus examination showed fundus artery spasm of Grade I.

Laboratory examinations

She had proteinuria with a level of 103 mg/L and 618 mg/24 h. Considering the evidence of hypertension and proteinuria, a diagnosis of preeclampsia was soon established.

Imaging examinations

T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence showed several hyperintensity lesions in the left basal ganglia and the bilateral occipital lobes, suggesting reversible ischemia (Figure 2). The hyaline mesentery and the fifth ventricle were formed. PRES was diagnosed by a neurologist.

Figure 2 Abnormal magnetic resonance imaging signals (red arrows) in the left basal ganglia and the bilateral occipital lobes.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The final diagnosis was postpartum PRES resulted from preeclampsia and intracranial hypotension caused by dural puncture and cerebrospinal fluid leakage.

TREATMENT

The blood pressure was controlled with oral amlodipine (5 mg daily) at 140-100/90-60 mmHg. The patient ward was dimmed to avoid strong light. To control the seizures, a single dose of diazepam 10 mg was administered intravenously. Dehydration therapy was used to lower the intracerebral pressure. Nutritional neurotherapy was also used.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient’s blood pressure and urine protein levels gradually returned to normal, and no more seizures had ever occurred. MRI at postpartum day 7 showed that the cerebral lesions in the left basal ganglia and the bilateral occipital lobes were significantly improved (Figure 3). The treatment continued for 12 d. The patient was discharged on postpartum day 13 with no symptoms.

Figure 3 The cerebral lesions were significantly improved on postpartum day 7 on magnetic resonance imaging.

DISCUSSION

The pathogenesis of PRES is still not clear, and the theory of high perfusion is generally accepted. Blood pressure rises sharply, exceeding the limit of self-regulation mechanism of the small cerebral arteries. The arterioles located in the vascular area of the vertebrobasilar artery were forced to dilate due to hypertension, resulting in high cerebral perfusion. This can break through the blood brain barrier, and the blood protein and liquid penetrate the brain matrix, leading to angiogenic edema. The change of vascular permeability is reversible. Once the disease subsides, it will return to normal within a few weeks. Preeclampsia and cytotoxic drugs can directly lead to endothelial degeneration and dysfunction of the cerebral arterioles, resulting in the above manifestations[3].

PRES is closely related to eclampsia, with similar symptoms of headache and convulsion. Both disorders interact with the changes of cerebrovascular permeability. Wernet et al[4] showed that PRES and eclampsia have a common pathophysiological pathway. PRES may be a part of the pathogenesis of eclampsia[5] and the main damage of the central nervous system in patients with eclampsia. Treatment that prevents or reverses PRES can prevent eclampsia or promote its recovery. It is generally considered that the postpartum period is associated with increased risk of various cerebral disorders, such as reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). PRES and RCVS share similar and even overlapping risk factors, symptoms, and imaging features, and sometimes coexist in the same patient[6].

Our patient was initially diagnosed with postdural puncture headache by an obstetrician and managed accordingly. The diagnosis was made based on the inadvertent epidural puncture and the resultant headache 3 h postoperatively. However, this diagnosis was proven to be wrong because the patient soon developed unconsciousness and convulsions. Although the patient had no gestational hypertension during the prenatal examination, she was diagnosed with preeclampsia based non postpartum proteinuria and fundus examination. The final diagnosis was PRES according to the brain MRI results. However, the blood pressure in this case increased moderately after labor and was soon controlled with medications.

We speculate the mechanism of PRES in our patient was the combination of preeclampsia and intracranial hypotension caused by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, which resulted from inadvertent epidural puncture and patient irritation. Mild intracranial hypotension is usually asymptomatic and only causes positional headache. However, persistent intracranial hypotension can lead to vasodilation, damage of the deep vein system[7,8], and eventually brain edema and PRES[9]. In addition, reduced CSF volume in the ventricle can lead to ventricular collapse[10] and traction forces, which may produce mechanical stimulation on the arterial wall and vasospasm[11]. Previous studies have shown vasospasm in the acute phase of PRES[12,13]. All of these changes are associated with expansion of the venous system and the small cerebral arteries, leading to protein and fluid exosmosis, mainly in the vertebrobasilar artery vascular area, which is the typical MRI signs of PRES[8].

To summarize the previous literatures on PRES caused by epidural puncture, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE using the terms "epidural puncture" or "lumbar puncture" or "cerebrospinal fluid leakage" and "PRES" or "RPLS" and found 41 articles. After reviewing these articles, 16 case reports were identified[9,14-28]. These case reports indicate there is a risk of PRES, although very low, in perinatal women, especially those with gestational hypertension and CSF leakage. Despite that PRES is usually reversible, improper treatment may lead to permanent nerve injury or even death[2].

The epidural blood patch is very effective in relieving CSF leakage and should be considered for inadvertent dural puncture in patients with gestational hypertension or primary hypertension. However, our case suggests that infusion of crystalloid fluid for postdural puncture headache in hypertensive patients may carry a risk of brain edema, although that it is often used to increase the production of CSF. In addition, epidural injection of saline and caffeine is also effective in treating postdural puncture headache[29]. If the headache in these patients is not related to the body position, then it may not be caused by CSF leakage. Brain MRI should be performed promptly to exclude PRES for its superiority to CT in imaging soft tissues.

Nicardipine and rabetalol are the first-line drugs for lowing blood pressure in PRES patients[30]. Nimodipine can reduce the infarction rate caused by cerebral vasospasm[31]. Nitroglycerin is not recommended as it can aggravate brain edema[14]. Epilepsy requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent neuronal damage or death[32]. In pregnant women with preeclampsia, magnesium sulfate and barbiturates can effectively prevent and manage seizures.

CONCLUSION

PRES should be considered in laboring women with intracranial hypotension secondary to cerebrospinal fluid leakage and hypertension caused by intraspinal anesthesia. When treating postdural puncture headaches in patients at risk of PRES, infusion of crystalloid fluid may precipitate the development of PRES.