Appendiceal bleeding: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding is common in clinical practice, and the colon is responsible for the majority of cases. However, appendiceal bleeding is an extremely rare cause. Appendiceal bleeding due to vascular diseases, such as angiodysplasia and Dieulafoy’s lesion, may result in massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Appendectomy is a reliable and effective option for treatment.

CASE SUMMARY

A 32-year-old male presented to our hospital with hematochezia that had lasted for 6 h, with approximately 600-800 mL bloody stools and loss of consciousness for a few seconds. Persistent bleeding from the orifice of the appendix was observed by colonoscopy. Following the new diagnosis of appendiceal bleeding, the patient was treated by an emergency laparoscopic appendectomy. Finally, the patient was pathologically diagnosed with appendiceal Dieulafoy’s lesion. The patient was uneventfully discharged, and follow-up 2 wk later showed no evidence of rebleeding.

CONCLUSION

Although appendiceal bleeding is a rare cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, clinicians should consider it during differential diagnosis.

Key Words: Appendix; Gastrointestinal hematochezia; Lower gastrointestinal tract; Vascular malformations; Case report

Core Tip: Appendiceal bleeding is a rare cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Appendiceal bleeding due to vascular diseases, such as angiodysplasia and Dieulafoy’s lesion, may result in massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Appendectomy is a reliable and effective option for treatment.We report a case of lower gastrointestinal bleeding due to appendiceal Dieulafoy’s lesion. The patient recovered well after an emergency laparoscopic appendectomy. Clinicians should consider appendiceal bleeding during differential diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION

The common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding are mostly known to be diseases of the colon, rectum, and terminal ileum[1]. However, appendiceal bleeding as the origin is extremely rare. Diverticulum, angiodysplasia, inflammation, and neoplasm are the usual etiologies for appendiceal bleeding[2,3]. Vascular diseases, such as angiodysplasia and Dieulafoy’s lesion, are one of the most common causes of massive bleeding and sometimes can be life-threatening[1,4]. We report herein a case of lower gastrointestinal bleeding due to appendiceal Dieulafoy’s lesion, with a literature review.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 32-year-old male presented to the emergency department of our hospital with hematochezia that had lasted for 6 h.

History of present illness

The patient reported having experienced approximately 600-800 mL bloody stools before presentation to the hospital. The patient also reported having experienced loss of consciousness for a few seconds. No other gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain, were experienced during the process. The patient denied past history of hematochezia.

History of past illness

The patient had been previously diagnosed with hemorrhoids and hypertension, but was taking no medications.

Personal and family history

The personal and family history-taking revealed no information relevant to the current case.

Physical examination

The patient’s temperature was 36.5 °C, heart rate was 95 beats per minute, respiratory rate was 20 breaths per minute, blood pressure (measured with electronic cuff) was 147/105 mmHg, and oxygen saturation in room air was 99%. The physical examination showed an anemic appearance, without any other pathological signs.

Laboratory examinations

The laboratory tests showed that hemoglobin was 102 g/L (normal range: 130-175 g/L), revealing a mild anemia. Other routine relevant examinations, such as platelet counts and for markers of coagulation function, and liver and renal function, yielded normal findings. Unfortunately, the patient passed bloody stools again 1 d after conservative treatment in our department, with his hemoglobin level dropping to 86 g/L.

Imaging examinations

An emergency colonoscopy was performed, and extended up to the terminal ileum. During the procedure, blood clots in the cecum were first washed out and we were then able to observe a large quantity of fresh blood oozing out of the appendiceal orifice (Figure 1A). In addition, contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showed a high-density area in the appendix without any signs of acute appendicitis, tumor, or diverticulum (Figure 1B).

Figure 1 Appendiceal bleeding caused by Dieulafoy’s lesion. A: Colonoscopy showed active bleeding from the appendiceal orifice after blood clots were flushed out of the ileocecal junction; B: Enhanced abdominal computed tomography showed a high-density area in the appendix, revealing the possibility of appendiceal bleeding (arrow); C: Macroscopic pathological observation showed a vessel stump on the mucosa of the appendix (arrow); D: Microscopic pathological examination showed a caliber-persistent artery in the submucosa of the appendix (arrow).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Bleeding of the appendix.

TREATMENT

We suspected that the source of bleeding was the appendix, which prompted an emergency laparoscopic appendectomy. During that surgery, no signs of acute appendicitis or diverticulitis were observed; however, a large amount of blood clots was observed through the longitudinal incision of the appendix. A vessel stump was also found on the mucosa of the appendix (Figure 1C). Pathologically, a caliber-persistent artery was detected near the vessel stump of the mucosa surface, corresponding to Dieulafoy’s lesion within the appendix (Figure 1D).

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient had no recurrent hematochezia or melena, and was discharged from the hospital 6 d after the surgery. Follow-up 2 wk later showed no evidence of rebleeding.

DISCUSSION

Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding is commonly encountered in clinical practice, with colon being responsible for the majority of cases[1]. Appendiceal bleeding, on the other hand, is an extremely rare cause, and as such may be missed or misdiagnosed.Although lower gastrointestinal bleeding is generally less severe than upper gastrointestinal bleeding - with spontaneous cessation of the bleeding occurring in most cases, appendiceal bleeding attributed to vascular diseases, such as angiodysplasia and Dieulafoy’s lesion, may result in massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding and sometimes can be life-threatening[1,4]. As a clinician, having an awareness of appendiceal bleeding is significant. A literature search of relevant articles on the PubMed/MEDLINE database, from January 1977 to November 2021, was conducted, using the key words of “appendix bleeding” or “appendix hemorrhage”. Six articles regarding appendiceal bleeding due to vascular diseases were identified (Table 1)[5-10].

Table 1 Cases of appendiceal bleeding caused by vascular diseases.

Case	Age/sex	Chief complaint	Hemoglobin, g/L	Techniques	Treatment	Pathology	Ref.
1	21/female	Massive hematochezia	106	Endoscopy	Appendectomy	Dieulafoy’s lesion	[5]
2	72/male	Hematochezia	126	Endoscopy	Appendectomy	Angiodysplasia	[6]
3	68/male	Massive hematochezia	82	Endoscopy	Appendectomy	Dieulafoy’s lesion	[7]
4	41/male	Melena	Not reported	Endoscopy	Appendectomy	Atypical florid vascular proliferation	[8]
5	76/female	Massive hematochezia	52	Angiography	Vessel embolization and appendectomy	Angiodysplasia	[9]
6	42/male	Melena	77	Endoscopy	Appendectomy	Vascular malformation	[10]
Our case	32/male	Massive hematochezia	86	Endoscopy	Appendectomy	Dieulafoy’s lesion

The average age of the included cases was 50.3 years (range: 21-76 years). In terms of sex, 5 males and 2 females are reported on herein. Similar to previous reports, the most likely cause of hospitalization was massive hematochezia, rather than melena[3]. Pathological analyses showed the main vascular factors of appendiceal bleeding to be angiodysplasia and Dieulafoy’s lesion. Dieulafoy’s lesion is caused by an abnormal artery that fails to diminish to the minute size of the mucosal capillary microvasculature[11]. The most common location of Dieulafoy’s lesion is the stomach. Others have reported Dieulafoy’s lesion in the esophagus, duodenum, small intestine, colon, and rectum[12-15]; however, an appendiceal Dieulafoy’s lesion is extremely rare. Among the included publications, there were only 2 cases of appendiceal bleeding due to Dieulafoy’s lesion published in English language[5,7], with ours being the third case.

Several modalities, such as colonoscopy, contrast-enhanced abdominal CT, and angiography, can be applied in diagnosing appendiceal bleeding[2,3,9]. In our case, colonoscopy directly revealed the active bleeding from the appendiceal orifice. For such cases, emergency colonoscopy for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding should be utilized, at least to the terminal ileum. In addition, the orifice of the appendix should be carefully observed. Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT is useful in evaluating diverticulum, neoplasm, or acute inflammation. Although mesenteric artery angiography requires bleeding of more than 0.5 mL/min, vessel embolization is feasible in controlling acute bleeding[9].

A reliable and effective choice of treatment for appendiceal bleeding is appendectomy[2]. Other attempts, including vessel embolization and endoscopic therapy (therapeutic barium enema and endoclips), have been reported as successful for controlling bleeding[9,16,17]; however, the risk of acute appendicitis and rebleeding after vessel embolization and endoscopic therapy are unmanageable, and the patient may still require an appendectomy[9,17]. Studies for the feasibility of vessel embolization and endoscopic therapy continue to be warranted.

CONCLUSION

We present a treatment experience of appendiceal bleeding caused by Dieulafoy’s lesion. Although appendiceal bleeding is a rare cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, clinicians should consider it during differential diagnosis.