Successful management of life-threatening aortoesophageal fistula: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is a rare but life-threatening cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Only a handful of cases of successful management of AEF caused by esophageal cancer have been reported. The purpose of this study is to report a case of AEF managed by endovascular aortic repair and review the relevant literature.

CASE SUMMARY

A 66-year-old man with upper gastroenterology bleeding presented at the Emergency Department of our hospital complaining of chest pain, fever and hematemesis for 6 h. He had vomited 400 mL of bright-red blood and experienced severe chest pain 6 h prior. He had a past medical history of advanced esophageal cancer. He received chemoradiotherapy but stopped 8 mo prior because of intolerance. A chest contrast computed tomographic scan revealed communication between the esophagus and the descending aorta as well as a descending aortic pseudoaneurysm. According to the symptoms and imaging findings, AEF was our primary consideration. The patient underwent aortic angiography, which indicated AEF and descending aortic pseudoaneurysm. Emergency percutaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) of the descending aorta was performed, and bleeding was controlled after TEVAR. He received antibiotics and was discharged after treatment. However, he died 2 mo after the TEVAR due to cancer progression.

CONCLUSION

Although AEF is a lethal condition, timely diagnosis and TEVAR may successfully control bleeding.

Key Words: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; Aortoesophageal fistula; Thoracic endovascular aortic repair; Esophageal cancer; Chest pain; Case report

Core Tip: Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is a rare but life-threatening cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, only a few cases of successful management of AEF have been reported. Herein, we report the case of a 66-year-old man with life-threatening upper gastroenterology bleeding (UGB) caused by AEF who was successfully treated by thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The bleeding was controlled after TEVAR; he received antibiotics and was discharged. He died 2 mo later due to cancer progression. UGB caused by AEF is a lethal condition, but TEVAR is an effective treatment.

INTRODUCTION

Primary aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is communication between the primary aorta and the esophagus. AEF is a rare but lethal cause of upper gastroenterology bleeding (UGB). As there is a significant risk of massive bleeding, sepsis and ultimately death, emergent and aggressive treatment is needed for AEF. Indeed, upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients caused by malignant AEF is lethal unless immediate treatment is performed[1]. To date, AEF has not been fully described, and no treatment guidelines exist. Despite some studies about AEF caused by advanced esophageal cancer, the management of AEF due to esophageal cancer remains to be explored[2]. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is a good treatment for malignant AEF. Here, we present a case of UGB caused by malignant AEF that was successfully controlled by TEVAR. We detected AEF timely manner in this case. We emphasize that contrast-enhanced computer tomography (CT) scans should be performed immediately when a patient with esophageal cancer has hematemesis and chest pain. We searched PubMed for articles related to AEF associated with esophageal cancer written in English and reviewed these cases to gain a further understanding of the disease.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 66-year-old male patient was admitted to the Emergency Department complaining of hematemesis and chest pain.

History of present illness

The 66-year-old male patient was admitted to the Emergency Department complaining of chest pain, fever and hematemesis for 6 h. He had vomited 400 mL of bright-red blood and experienced severe chest pain 6 h prior. The pain was retrosternal with radiation toward the back. The pain was sharp and could not be relieved. He also had fever as well as progressive dysphagia and weight loss. He did not undergo any surgical procedure to relieve the dysphagia.

History of past illness

The patient had previously been diagnosed with stage III (cT4N1M0) esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) 11 mo prior and was treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT), including albumin-bound paclitaxel plus a radiation dose of 60 Gy. He stopped radiotherapy 10 mo prior and chemotherapy 8 mo prior because of intolerance. He did not undergo any surgical procedure.

Personal and family history

There was no notable family history.

Physical examination

On initial evaluation, the patient had a temperature of 38.9 °C, a heart rate 110 beats per minute, a respiratory rate 20 breaths per minute, blood pressure of 92/50 mmHg and oxygen saturation at 98% on room air. The patient was conscious, and he complied with the physical examination. He had no abdominal tenderness. His bowel sounds occurred at a rate of 4 per minute.

Laboratory examinations

Blood analysis revealed mild leukocytosis of 11.11 × 10⁹/L, with predominant neutrophils (91.4%). The patient’s hemoglobin level was 83 g/L, the platelet count was normal, and serum C reactive protein was increased to 242.84 mg/L (normal range < 10.0 mg/L). The prothrombin time was 12.5 s (normal value 10.9 s). The partial thromboplastin time was normal, and d-dimers were increased to 6.42 mg/L FEU (normal range < 0.55 mg/L FEU). Blood urea nitrogen was 9.66 mmol/L (normal range 3.10-8.80 mmol/L).

Imaging examinations

A computed tomographic scan revealed communication between the esophagus and descending aorta as well as a descending aortic pseudoaneurysm (Figure 1). Aortic angiography indicated AEF and descending aortic pseudoaneurysm (Figure 2A and B).

Figure 1 computer tomography scan. The descending aortic pseudoaneurysm broke into the esophagus.

Figure 2 Aortic angiography. A: There was leakage of contrast in the initial segment of the descending aorta; B: The pseudoaneurysm of the descending aorta; C: The pseudoaneurysm was blocked, and the bleeding was controlled after thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The final diagnosis was AEF.

TREATMENT

Following admission to the Emergency Department, the patient immediately received fluid resuscitation. His blood pressure increased to over 90/60 mmHg. Conventionally, AEF is treated by open surgery. However, emergency open surgery has a high mortality of 55.5% for AEF[3]. Because of the unstable hemodynamics of the patient, emergency percutaneous TEVAR of the descending aorta was performed. Aortic angiography showed no aortic pseudoaneurysm or contrast agent leakage after TEVAR (Figure 2C). The bleeding stopped, and his vital signs were stable. The patient refused surgery or gastrostomy after TEVAR. As he had an infection, he received biapenem 0.3 g TID intravenously for 3 wk. He underwent oral fasting and parenteral nutrition treatment for 3 wk. Upon completion of the 3 wk of intravenous antibiotic therapy with biapenem, the patient was discharged from our hospital free of symptoms.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

After TEVAR, aorta angiography showed that there was no aortic pseudoaneurysm or contrast agent leakage (Figure 2B). The bleeding was stopped, and his vital signs were stable after TEVAR. Three wk later, he was discharged stably after treatment with antibiotics. He died 2 mo after TEVAR due to cancer progression.

DISCUSSION

AEF is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The incidence of AEF is approximately 0.07%[4]. However, the mortality of AEF is high[5,6]. The main etiologic factors of AEF include aneurysm (54.2%), foreign body (19.2%) and esophageal cancer (17%)[7,8]. Other causes of AEF include radiotherapy[9,10] and infection[11,12].

The typical sign of AEF is Chiari’s triad, which involves mid-thoracic pain, sentinel hemorrhage, and final exsanguination following a symptom-free interval[10]. However, the proportion of AEF patients with Chiari’s triad is not high[6].

Endoscopy is the first choice for investigating upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but UGB caused by AEF with esophageal cancer cannot always be diagnosed in a timely manner. There is also a risk of dislodging clots and causing fatal bleeding with endoscopy[13]. Previous studies have shown that most patients with stable circulation and an aortic gastrointestinal fistula had undergone gastroscopy, but only approximately 25% were diagnosed with an aortic gastrointestinal fistula in time[6].

Contrast-enhanced CT is very helpful in the diagnosis of aortic esophageal fistula and can clearly show the aorta, aortic mural gas, pseudo aortic fistula, or aortic fistula ruptured into the esophagus. Aortic angiography can diagnose aortic-esophageal fistula at an early stage, and thoracic aortic angiography can show thoracic aortic aneurysms. Contrast agent leaking into the esophagus indicates a diagnosis of AEF in a timely fashion. In the present case, an AEF was diagnosed by a contrast-enhanced CT scan at the time of presentation, and aortic angiography confirmed the diagnosis.

In the past 20 years, TEVAR has gradually become the first choice for AEF instead of surgery[2,14,15]. Since Parodi et al[16] first reported endovascular stent grafts to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms, this method has developed rapidly. TEVAR can prevent sudden death and gain time for surgical treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy[17,18]. To date, TEVAR is the only option for AEF caused by unresectable esophageal cancer[19]. Compared to surgery, TEVAR has many advantages for the treatment of AEF, such as a good hemostatic effect, no need to open the chest, less damage, no aortic clipping, and less cerebral ischemic damage. As Sasaki et al[19] reported, TEVAR can extend the survival time by an average of 4 mo for AEF caused by advanced esophageal cancer. Additionally, Mezzetto et al[20] performed prophylactic TEVAR in patients with esophageal cancer involving the aorta in preparation for future radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Overall, prophylactic TEVAR may be future trend but still needs more validation.

There are only 12 reports of 19 cases of primary AEF due to esophageal cancer treated by TEVAR in PubMed written in English[1,2,19,21-29]. Table 1 shows the clinical features of the patients in previous studies and those of the present case[1,2,19,21-29]. Of these 20 cases, 4 were women and 16 men. Their average age was 64.1 years (range 47-87 years). Most of the patients had hematemesis, and a few of them had chest pain. It is worth noting that a few of the patients had no special symptoms. Seventeen patients underwent enhanced CT. Enhanced CT immediately detected AEF in 10 of the cases (10/17, 58.8%). This indicates that when a patient has hematemesis, an enhanced CT scan should be performed. The location of the fistula was not mentioned for three cases. The fistula in 16 cases was located in the descending thoracic aorta; one was located in the aortic arch. All of these cases were treated with TEVAR. Two cases were treated with embolization of the aortic fistula (EMB) at the same time as TEVAR. One case was treated with an esophageal stent in addition to TEVAR. Among the 20 patients, 2 died on the day of TEVAR, whereas 4 remained alive during follow-up. The average survival time of the patients was 3.68 mo.

Table 1 Reported cases of aortoesophageal fistula treated with thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with esophageal cancer.

Ref.	Age (yr)	Sex	Symptoms	Performed endoscopy	Definitive diagnosis by contrast CT	Location of fistula	Treatment	Cause of death	Prognosis
Kato et al[23]	59	Male	Hematemesis	No	No	DTA	TEVAR	Pneumonia	6 mo, death
Ikeda et al[25]	64	Male	Massive upper intestinal bleeding	No	Yes	DTA	TEVAR	-	6 mo, alive
Feezor et al[27]	48	Male	Hematemesis	No	Yes	DTA	TEVAR	Hemoptysis	3 mo, death
Ghosh et al[26]	47	Male	Hematemesis	Yes	Yes	DTA	TEVAR+ esophageal stent	Cancer	2 mo, death
Ishikawa et al[24]	75	Female	Hematemesis	Yes	No	DTA	TEVAR	Sepsis	5 mo, death
Ishikawa et al[24]	81	Male	Chest discomfort, anorexia	Yes	No	DTA	TEVAR	-	12 mo, alive
Ishikawa et al[24]	66	Female	No symptoms	No	Yes	DTA	TEVAR	-	6 mo, alive
Dorweiler et al[28]	60	Female	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	TEVAR	Cancer cachexia	7 mo, death
Dorweiler et al[28]	71	Male	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	TEVAR	Sepsis	0 mo, death
Dorweiler et al[28]	68	Male	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	TEVAR	Sepsis/pneumonia	3 mo, death
Wong et al[1]	87	Female	Hematemesis	Yes	Yes	DTA	TEVAR	Cancer	3 mo, death
Wong et al[1]	58	Male	Hematemesis	Yes	No	DTA	TEVAR	Cancer	4 mo, death
Nagata et al[22]	58	Male	Hypotension	Yes	Yes	DTA	TEVAR	Cancer	2 mo, death
Sasaki et al[19]	67	Male	Hematemesis	Yes	No	DTA	TEVAR	Cancer	4 mo, death
Iwabu et al[2]	69	Male	Bloody bowel discharge	No	No	DTA	TEVAR	Cancer	7 mo, death
Guerrero et al[21]	69	Male	Hematemesis, chest pain, hypotension	Yes	Yes	DTA	TEVAR	Hematemesis	0 mo, death
Chen et al[29]	55	Male	Hematemesis	Unknown	No	DTA	EMB+TEVAR	Cancer	4 mo, death
Chen et al[29]	53	Male	Hematemesis	Unknown	Yes	DTA	EMB+TEVAR	Cancer	7 mo, death
Chen et al[29]	61	Male	Hematemesis	Unknown	Yes	AA	TEVAR	-	6 mo, alive
Our case	66	Male	Hematemesis and Chest pain	No	Yes	DTA	TEVAR	Cancer	2 mo, death

AEF: Aortoesophageal fistula; EMB: Embolization of the aortic fistula; DTA: Descending thoracic aorta; AA: Aortic arch; TEVAR: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

In our case, the patient had been diagnosed with unresectable esophageal cancer 11 mo prior. He was admitted to our hospital because of hematemesis and chest pain. His vital signs were not stable, with hypotension and fever. Contrast-enhanced CT was performed immediately on the admission, and the patient was diagnosed with AEF according to the results. Endoscopy is known to be the most sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of UGB, though there is a risk of precipitating fatal hemorrhage in AEF[30]. As the patient was diagnosed with AEF by a contrast-enhanced CT scan, we did not perform endoscopy. We performed successful emergent TEVAR because of the patient’s hemodynamic instability and stopped his upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Coselli et al[31] reported that among patients with AEF, 60% died within the first 6 h when hematemesis began[29]. Management of patients with AEF requires accurate diagnosis in a timely manner[29]. In our case, timely diagnosis ensured prompt treatment and a good treatment effect. Overall, the importance of immediate contrast-enhanced CT scans for patients with AEF must be emphasized. Our patient underwent endoscopy 8 d after TEVAR, revealing esophageal stricture but no other sources of bleeding. Esophageal stent placement and gastrostomy were recommended, but the patient refused. The patient also refused surgery or gastrostomy after TEVAR. As previous studies report that long-term antibiotic treatment is necessary, the patient received antibiotic treatment for 3 wk until discharge from our hospital. Although he died 2 mo later due to cancer progression, TEVAR prevented his sudden death. This case indicates that TEVAR is effective for the treatment of AEF.

As previously reported, chemoradiotherapy is a major cause of AEF[32,33], and doses higher than 35 Gy are an important factor causing AEF[28,33]. In a retrospective study involving 116 patients, Kawakami et al[34] reported that CRP ≥ 1.00 mg/dL is a risk factor for esophageal fistula in ESCC treated with CRT. Thus, cancer inflammation is a factor for fistula development[35]. In the present case, the patient underwent chemoradiotherapy. He had fever, and his CRP level was high. AEF in this patient may be attributed to tumor invasion into the aorta, chemoradiotherapy and/or inflammation.

A patient with AEF may die due to infection, even when TEVAR is performed[23,24,28], and prevention of infection is a challenge after TEVAR. Some studies have suggested lifelong antibiotic suppression, which has many side effects, such as gut dysbiosis. At present, some antimicrobial coatings on the surface of biliary stents have been designed and found to be effective[36]. Additional studies are needed to explore whether antimicrobial coatings on the surface of stents can be applied in TEVAR. In summary, we should perform contrast-CT scans if a patient with esophageal cancer is vomiting bright -red blood or has chest pain, especially those with hemodynamic instability. When AEF is suspected, TEVAR should be performed without endoscopy. TEVAR is effective for AEF caused by esophageal cancer. Additional studies are needed to explore how to prevent infection after TEVAR.

CONCLUSION

Successful management of AEF is rare. Patients who have hematemesis with esophageal cancer should undergo contrast-CT scans in a timely manner. Timely diagnosis of AEF is very important. TEVAR is effective for AEF caused by esophageal cancer. Infection is a challenge after TEVAR.