Respiratory training interventions improve health status of heart failure patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Figure 1 Flow diagram of the study selection process.

Figure 2 Risk of bias assessment of included studies

Figure 3 Models and forest plots of respiratory training interventions on measure outcomes. A: The outcome of heart rate; B: The outcome of VO₂ peak; C: The outcome of 6-minute walking distance test; D: The outcome of MLWHFQ. IMT_Pn (inspiratory muscle training without pressure or < 10% maximal inspiratory pressure, MIP), IMT_Pl (inspiratory muscle training with low pressure, 10%-15% MIP), IMT_Pm (inspiratory muscle training with medium pressure, 30%-40% MIP), IMT_Ph (inspiratory muscle training with high pressure, 60% MIP or MIP plus aerobics), Aerobics (aerobic exercise or weight training), and Qi_Ex (tai chi, yoga, and breathing exercise)

Figure 4 SUCRA-based rankings (%) of respiratory training interventions. IMT_Pn (inspiratory muscle training without pressure or < 10% maximal inspiratory pressure, MIP), IMT_Pl (inspiratory muscle training with low pressure, 10%-15% MIP), IMT_Pm (inspiratory muscle training with medium pressure, 30%-40% MIP), IMT_Ph (inspiratory muscle training with high pressure, 60% MIP or MIP plus aerobics), Aerobics (aerobic exercise or weight training), Qi_Ex (tai chi, yoga, and breathing exercise), HR (heart rate), peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ peak), 6-minute walking distance test (6MWT), and MLWHFQ (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire) score.