Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease and analysis of genetic contributors

Figure 1 The presence of the genes IL-1B and IL-1RN combined with Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with hypochlorydria and thus reducing the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; IL-1B-511*T: Interleukin-1 beta T allele; IL-1RN: Gene encoding for a non-signaling molecule IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra).

Figure 2 Susceptible risk genes for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Their increased or reduced (DNA repair genes) expression alters different biological pathways. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; IL-10: Anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10; FOXF1: Forkhead BOX F1; GSTP1*b: Glutathione- S- transferases b allele; CCND1: Cyclin D1 gene; XRCC1: X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 1; Hmlh1: Humal homolog of the E. coli DNA mismatch repair gene mutL; GNB3: Guanine nucleotide binding protein beta polypeptide 3; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex.

Figure 3 Genetic risk loci associated with the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease[32,38]. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; SNPs: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms.