Predicting depression in patients with heart failure based on a stacking model

Figure 1 Flowchart of participant selection. NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; HF: Heart failure; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

Figure 2 Stacking model framework structure diagram. DT: Decision tree.

Figure 3 Feature screening and model performance evaluation. A: Rankings of feature importance; B-E: Receiver operating characteristic curves of the four models for predicting depression among heart failure patients in the training dataset and test dataset; F: Performance evaluation of the four models in the test dataset; G: Calibration curves of the four models in the test dataset; H: The clinical utility of the four models was evaluated via decision curves in the test dataset. PIR: Poverty income ratio; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DT: Decision tree.

Figure 4 Visualization of feature importance. A: The SHapley additive exPlanations (SHAP) summary plot; B: SHAP force plot. PIR: Poverty income ratio; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SHAP: SHapley additive explanation.