Clinical study of acupuncture combined with surface anesthesia using proparacaine in geriatric cataract phacoemulsification

Figure 1 Mechanistic diagram of the effect of compound acupuncture-medicine anesthesia.

Figure 2 Comparison of state anxiety inventory and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores between groups. A: SAI scores; B: SAS scores. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP > 0.05. SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SAI: State anxiety inventory; CAMA: Compound acupuncture-medicine anesthesia; SA: Surface anesthesia.

Figure 3 Serum levels of stress hormones. A: Epinephrine (E); B: Norepinephrine (NE). C: Cortisol (Cor). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP > 0.05. E: Epinephrine; NE: Norepinephrine; Cor: Cortisol; CAMA: Compound acupuncture-medicine anesthesia; SA: Surface anesthesia.

Figure 4 Comparison of intraoperative vital signs between groups. A: Variations in heart rate during surgery; B: Variations in mean arterial pressure during surgery; C: Variations in RR during surgery. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP > 0.05. HR: Heart rate; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; RR: Respiratory rate; CAMA: Compound acupuncture-medicine anesthesia; SA: Surface anesthesia.

Figure 5 Comparison of the analgesic effects of anesthetic modalities. A: grading of analgesia efficacy in the surface anesthesia (SA) and compound acupuncture-medicine anesthesia (CAMA) groups; B: Comparison of pain occurrence between the SA and CAMA groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP > 0.05. CAMA: Compound acupuncture-medicine anesthesia; SA: Surface anesthesia.

Figure 6 Comparison of the incidence of complications in terms of asthma, cardiopalmus, vertigo, periocular congestion, and sudden increases in blood pressure. BP: Blood pressure; CAMA: Compound acupuncture-medicine anesthesia; SA: Surface anesthesia.

Figure 7 Comparison of intraoperative patient cooperation. A: Intraoperative eye movements; B: Intraoperative eyelid closure; C: Patient cooperation. ^aP < 0.05. CAMA: Compound acupuncture-medicine anesthesia; SA: Surface anesthesia.