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Ricci F, Martini C, Scordo DM, Rossi D, Gallina S, Fedorowski A, Sciarra L, Chahal CAA, Meyers HP, Herman R, Smith SW. ECG Patterns of Occlusion Myocardial Infarction: A Narrative Review. Ann Emerg Med 2025:S0196-0644(24)01250-2. [PMID: 39818676 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2025]
Abstract
The traditional management of acute coronary syndrome has relied on the identification of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) as a proxy of acute coronary occlusion. This conflation of STEMI with acute coronary occlusion has historically overshadowed non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), despite evidence suggesting 25% to 34% of NSTEMI cases may also include acute coronary occlusion. Current limitations in the STEMI/NSTEMI binary framework underscore the need for a revised approach to chest pain and acute coronary syndrome management. The emerging paradigm distinguishing occlusion myocardial infarction from nonocclusion myocardial infarction (NOMI) seeks to enhance diagnostic accuracy and prognostic effect in acute coronary syndrome care. This approach not only emphasizes the urgency of reperfusion therapy for high-risk ECG patterns not covered by current STEMI criteria, but also emphasizes the broader transition from viewing acute coronary syndrome as a disease defined by the ECG to a disease defined by its underlying pathology, for which the ECG is an important but insufficient surrogate test. This report outlines the emerging occlusion myocardial infarction paradigm, detailing specific ECG patterns linked to acute coronary occlusion, and proposes a new framework that could enhance triage accuracy and treatment strategies for acute coronary syndrome. Although further validation is required, the occlusion myocardial infarction pathway holds promise for earlier acute coronary occlusion detection, timely cath lab activation, and improved myocardial salvage-offering potentially significant implications for both clinical practice and future research in acute coronary syndrome management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; University Cardiology Division, SS Annunziata Polyclinic University Hospital, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Chiara Martini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Scordo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Davide Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Artur Fedorowski
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, P.le Salvatore Tommasi 1, Coppito (AQ), Italy
| | - C Anwar A Chahal
- Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, WellSpan Health, Lancaster, PA; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, West Smithfield, London, UK
| | - H Pendell Meyers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Robert Herman
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Cardiovascular Centre Aalst, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium; Powerful Medical, Samorin, Slovakia
| | - Stephen W Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
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Bishop AJ, Nehme Z, Nanayakkara S, Anderson D, Stub D, Meadley BN. Artificial neural networks for ECG interpretation in acute coronary syndrome: A scoping review. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 83:1-8. [PMID: 38936320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a crucial diagnostic tool in the Emergency Department (ED) for assessing patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Despite its widespread use, the ECG has limitations, including low sensitivity of the STEMI criteria to detect Acute Coronary Occlusion (ACO) and poor inter-rater reliability. Emerging ECG features beyond the traditional STEMI criteria show promise in improving early ACO diagnosis, but complexity hinders widespread adoption. The potential integration of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) holds promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and addressing reliability issues in ECG interpretation for ACO symptoms. METHODS Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, PubMed and Scopus were searched from inception through to 8th of December 2023. A thorough search of the grey literature and reference lists of relevant articles was also performed to identify additional studies. Articles were included if they reported the use of ANN for ECG interpretation of Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Emergency Department patients. RESULTS The search yielded a total of 244 articles. After removing duplicates and excluding non-relevant articles, 14 remained for analysis. There was significant heterogeneity in the types of ANN models used and the outcomes assessed, making direct comparisons challenging. Nevertheless, ANN appeared to demonstrate higher accuracy than physician interpreters for the evaluated outcomes and this proved independent of both specialty and years of experience. CONCLUSIONS The interpretation of ECGs in patients with suspected ACS using ANN appears to be accurate and potentially superior when compared to human interpreters and computerised algorithms. This appears consistent across various ANN models and outcome variables. Future investigations should emphasise ANN interpretation of ECGs in patients with ACO, where rapid and accurate diagnosis can significantly benefit patients through timely access to reperfusion therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bishop
- Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ziad Nehme
- Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane Nanayakkara
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash-Alfred-Baker Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Anderson
- Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dion Stub
- Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin N Meadley
- Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
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Alencar JND, Feres F, Marchi MFND, Franchini KG, Scheffer MK, Felicioni SP, Costa ACM, Fernandes RC, Ramadan HR, Meyers P, Smith SW. Beyond STEMI-NSTEMI Paradigm: Dante Pazzanese's Proposal for Occlusion Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis. Arq Bras Cardiol 2024; 121:e20230733. [PMID: 39016396 PMCID: PMC11216332 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the existing framework for classifying acute myocardial infarction (AMI) into STEMI and NSTEMI has been beneficial, it is now considered to be falling short in addressing the complexity of acute coronary syndromes. The study aims to scrutinize the current STEMI-NSTEMI paradigm and advocate for a more nuanced framework, termed as occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI) and non-occlusion myocardial infarction (NOMI), for a more accurate diagnosis and management of AMI. A comprehensive analysis of existing medical literature was conducted, with a focus on the limitations of the STEMI-NSTEMI model. The study also outlines a new diagnostic approach for patients presenting with chest pain in emergency settings. The traditional STEMI-NSTEMI model falls short in diagnostic precision and effective treatment, especially in identifying acute coronary artery occlusions. The OMI-NOMI framework offers a more anatomically and physiologically accurate model, backed by a wealth of clinical research and expert opinion. It underscores the need for quick ECG assessments and immediate reperfusion therapies for suspected OMI cases, aiming to improve patient outcomes. The OMI-NOMI framework offers a new avenue for future research and clinical application. It advocates for a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes, leading to individualized treatment plans. This novel approach is expected to ignite further scholarly debate and research, particularly in the Brazilian cardiology sector, with the goal of enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Nunes De Alencar
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Fausto Feres
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | | | - Kleber Gomes Franchini
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Matheus Kiszka Scheffer
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Sandro Pinelli Felicioni
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Muniz Costa
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Rinaldo Carvalho Fernandes
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Hugo Ribeiro Ramadan
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Pendell Meyers
- Carolinas Medical CenterDepartment of Emergency MedicineCharlotteNCEUACarolinas Medical Center – Department of Emergency Medicine, Charlotte, NC – EUA
| | - Stephen W. Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine and University of MinnesotaHennepin HealthcareMinneapolisMNEUAHennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN – EUA
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Hughes JW, Somani S, Elias P, Tooley J, Rogers AJ, Poterucha T, Haggerty CM, Salerno M, Ouyang D, Ashley E, Zou J, Perez MV. Simple models vs. deep learning in detecting low ejection fraction from the electrocardiogram. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024; 5:427-434. [PMID: 39081946 PMCID: PMC11284011 DOI: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Aims Deep learning methods have recently gained success in detecting left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. Despite their high level of accuracy, they are difficult to interpret and deploy broadly in the clinical setting. In this study, we set out to determine whether simpler models based on standard ECG measurements could detect LVSD with similar accuracy to that of deep learning models. Methods and results Using an observational data set of 40 994 matched 12-lead ECGs and transthoracic echocardiograms, we trained a range of models with increasing complexity to detect LVSD based on ECG waveforms and derived measurements. The training data were acquired from the Stanford University Medical Center. External validation data were acquired from the Columbia Medical Center and the UK Biobank. The Stanford data set consisted of 40 994 matched ECGs and echocardiograms, of which 9.72% had LVSD. A random forest model using 555 discrete, automated measurements achieved an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.92 (0.91-0.93), similar to a deep learning waveform model with an AUC of 0.94 (0.93-0.94). A logistic regression model based on five measurements achieved high performance [AUC of 0.86 (0.85-0.87)], close to a deep learning model and better than N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Finally, we found that simpler models were more portable across sites, with experiments at two independent, external sites. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the value of simple electrocardiographic models that perform nearly as well as deep learning models, while being much easier to implement and interpret.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Weston Hughes
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 353 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sulaiman Somani
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pierre Elias
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - James Tooley
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Albert J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Timothy Poterucha
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher M Haggerty
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Salerno
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Ouyang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, 127 S San Vicente Blvd Pavilion, Suite A3600, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Euan Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James Zou
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marco V Perez
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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McLaren JTT, Smith SW. A Bayesian approach to acute coronary occlusion. J Electrocardiol 2023; 81:300-302. [PMID: 37951822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In the STEMI paradigm, the disease (acute coronary occlusion) is defined and named after one element (ST elevation, without regard to the remainder of the QRST) of one imperfect test (the ECG). This leads to delayed reperfusion for patients with acute coronary occlusion whose ECGs don't meet STEMI criteria. In this editorial, we elaborate on the article by Jose Nunes de Alencar Neto about applying Bayesian reasoning to ECG interpretation. The Occlusion MI (OMI) paradigm offers evidencebased advances in ECG interpretation, expert-trained artificial intelligence, and a paradigm shift that incorporates a Bayesian approach to acute coronary occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T T McLaren
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stephen W Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin Country Medical Centre, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Sert ET, Gül M, Kokulu K, Mutlu H. Usefulness of the four-variable formula on serial electrocardiograms in detecting subtle anterior myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 73:83-87. [PMID: 37633077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform serial electrocardiogram (ECG) analyses in patients with subtle ECG changes in the anterior leads and evaluate the performance of the four-variable formula in detecting left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion. METHODS This prospective study included patients admitted to the emergency department with acute chest pain between April 2021 and January 2023, whose initial ECG was not diagnostic but indicated suspicion of myocardial infarction (MI) and who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in their follow-up. The control group consisted of patients who were diagnosed with benign variant ST-segment elevation (BV-STE) due to ST-segment elevation (STE) of at least 1 mm in the anterior lead, who had normal cardiac troponin levels, and who presented with non-cardiac chest pain. Following admission, six ECGs were taken at 10-min intervals. The scores of all patients were calculated with the four-variable formula on serial ECGs and compared between the groups. RESULTS A total of 232 patients, including 116 with anterior MI and 116 with BV-STE, were included in the study. When the cut-off value for the four-variable formula was taken as ≥18.2, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the first ECG were determined to be 82.7%, 85.3%, and 83.6%, respectively. We found that the four-variable formula had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy in detecting LAD occlusion for the ECG taken at the 20th minute (83.6%, 89.6%, and 86.2%, respectively). CONCLUSION The four-variable formula was found to be a valid method for the differentiation of STEMI and BV-STE in patients with subtle ECG changes. While managing this patient group, using serial ECGs rather than a single ECG to evaluate the clinical status of patients can help clinicians make more accurate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekrem Taha Sert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aksaray University Medical School, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Murat Gül
- Department of Cardiology, Aksaray University Medical School, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Kamil Kokulu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aksaray University Medical School, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Mutlu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aksaray University Medical School, Aksaray, Turkey
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Sawalha K, Gupta S, López-Candales A. Early repolarization: Electrocardiographic cues to distinguish benign from malignant variants. Am J Med Sci 2023:S0002-9629(23)01172-2. [PMID: 37156459 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Historically, early repolarization (ER) has been considered a marker of good health as it is more prevalent in athletes, younger persons, and at slower heart rates. However, contemporary reports, largely based on data from resuscitated sudden cardiac arrest patients, suggest an association between ER and an increased risk for sudden cardiac death and the development of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, after we present a brief-case presentation, we intend to review a challenging topic in recognition of malignant variants and propose a four-step comprehensive approach to simplify ECG discrimination when assessing ER changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Sawalha
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Nutrition and Metabolism Fellowship, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sanjaya Gupta
- Electrophysiology Division, Saint Luke's Mid-America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Saint Luke's Blvd, MO, USA
| | - Angel López-Candales
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Health, Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Grautoff S, Fessele K, Fandler M, Knappen N, Gotthardt P. [STEMI mimics : ST elevations on ECG: alternative diagnoses to acute coronary occlusion]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2023; 118:35-44. [PMID: 34709428 PMCID: PMC8552431 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-021-00882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an integral part of basic emergency medical diagnosis and preoperative evaluation. In cases of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) immediate treatment is mandatory after correlation of ischemic symptoms with the ECG pattern. However, there are also ECG patterns that can imitate STEMI, possibly resulting in the true underlying diagnosis being missed and inappropriate therapy being initiated. OBJECTIVES This paper provides an overview of the most important diagnoses that can imitate STEMI on ECG. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature search was carried out to determine the most important differential diagnoses of ST elevation on ECG. These STEMI mimics are discussed in detail and their relevance for emergency medicine is explained. RESULTS This article provides an overview of differential diagnoses that should be known in emergency medicine when assessing an ECG with ST elevations. CONCLUSION Good knowledge of the ECG patterns presented here can support decision-making in emergency medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Grautoff
- Gefahrenabwehr – Sicherheit und Ordnung, Kreis Herford, Wittekindstr. 7, 32051 Herford, Deutschland ,grid.491617.cZentrale Notaufnahme, Klinikum Herford, Herford, Deutschland
| | - Klaus Fessele
- grid.419835.20000 0001 0729 8880Klinik für Kardiologie, Klinikum Nürnberg, Zentrale Notaufnahme Klinikum Süd, Universitätsklinikum der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Nürnberg, Deutschland
| | - Martin Fandler
- grid.419802.60000 0001 0617 3250Interdisziplinäre Notaufnahme, Sozialstiftung Bamberg/Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Deutschland
| | - Niclas Knappen
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Gotthardt
- grid.492024.90000 0004 0558 7111Zentrale Notaufnahme, Klinikum Fürth, Fürth, Deutschland
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Barnicle RN, Correia AR, Meyers HP. Anterior ST Elevation: Early Repolarization or Occlusion Myocardial Infarction? Ann Emerg Med 2021; 77:593-596. [PMID: 34030773 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.09.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Barnicle
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Amanda R Correia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY
| | - H Pendell Meyers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
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10
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McLaren JTT, Taher AK, Kapoor M, Yi SL, Chartier LB. Sharing and Teaching Electrocardiograms to Minimize Infarction (STEMI): reducing diagnostic time for acute coronary occlusion in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 48:18-32. [PMID: 33838470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limits to ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) criteria may lead to prolonged diagnostic time for acute coronary occlusion. We aimed to reduce ECG-to-Activation (ETA) time through audit and feedback on STEMI-equivalents and subtle occlusions, without increasing Code STEMIs without culprit lesions. METHODS This multi-centre, quality improvement initiative reviewed all Code STEMI patients from the emergency department (ED) over a one-year baseline and one-year intervention period. We measured ETA time, from the first ED ECG to the time a Code STEMI was activated. Our intervention strategy involved a grand rounds presentation and an internal website presenting weekly local challenging cases, along with literature on STEMI-equivalents and subtle occlusions. Our outcome measure was ETA time for culprit lesions, our process measure was website views/visits, and our balancing measure was the percentage of Code STEMIs without culprit lesions. RESULTS There were 51 culprit lesions in the baseline period, and 64 in the intervention period. Median ETA declined from 28.0 min (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.0-45.0) to 8.0 min (95%CI 6.0-15.0). The website garnered 70.4 views/week and 27.7 visitors/week in a group of 80 physicians. There was no change in percentage of Code STEMIs without culprit lesions: 28.2% (95%CI 17.8-38.6) to 20.0% (95%CI 11.2-28.8%). Conclusions Our novel weekly web-based feedback to all emergency physicians was associated with a reduction in ETA time by 20 min, without increasing Code STEMIs without culprit lesions. Local ECG audit and feedback, guided by ETA as a quality metric for acute coronary occlusion, could be replicated in other settings to improve care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T T McLaren
- Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ahmed K Taher
- Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Monika Kapoor
- Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Soojin L Yi
- Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lucas B Chartier
- Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Wu HY, Cheng G, Cao YW. Chest pain showing precordial ST-segment elevation in a 96-year-old woman with right coronary artery occlusion: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:1877-1884. [PMID: 33748237 PMCID: PMC7953383 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i8.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typically, right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion causes ST-segment elevation in inferior leads. However, it is rarely observed that RCA occlusion causes ST-segment elevation only in precordial leads. In general, an electrocardiogram is considered to be the most important method for determining the infarct-related artery, and recognizing this is helpful for timely discrimination of the culprit artery for reperfusion therapy. In this case, an elderly woman presented with chest pain showing dynamic changes in precordial ST-segment elevation with RCA occlusion.
CASE SUMMARY A 96-year-old woman presented with acute chest pain showing precordial ST-segment elevation with dynamic changes. Myocardial injury markers became positive. Coronary angiography indicated acute total occlusion of the proximal nondominant RCA, mild atherosclerosis of left anterior descending artery and 75% stenosis in the left circumflex coronary artery. Percutaneous coronary intervention was conducted for the RCA. Repeated manual thrombus aspiration was performed, and fresh thrombus was aspirated. A 2 mm × 15 mm balloon was used to dilate the RCA with an acceptable angiographic result. The patient’s chest pain was relieved immediately. A postprocedural electrocardiogram showed alleviation of precordial ST-segment elevation. The diagnosis of acute isolated right ventricular infarction caused by proximal nondominant RCA occlusion was confirmed. Echocardiography indicated normal motion of the left ventricular anterior wall and interventricular septum (ejection fraction of 54%), and the right ventricle was slightly dilated. The patient was asymptomatic during the 9-mo follow-up period.
CONCLUSION Cardiologists should be conscious that precordial ST-segment elevation may be caused by occlusion of the nondominant RCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an 710068, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an 710068, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Wei Cao
- Department of Electrocardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an 710068, Shaanxi Province, China
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Fessele K, Fandler M, Gotthardt P. [High-risk ECGs in acute chest pain : Signs of acute ischemia beyond STEMI]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2021; 117:510-516. [PMID: 33704510 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-021-00802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obtaining an electrocardiogram (ECG) is the gold standard for initial diagnostics of atraumatic chest pain. To provide optimal patient care, the treating physician has to be proficient in recognizing early signs of myocardial ischemia. Information from the clinical assessment and typical ECG signs have to be recognized promptly in order to diagnose myocardial ischemia early. METHODS A selective literature search in international databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar) was conducted; current, topic-specific websites and literature were also included and evaluated. RESULTS Several subtle ECG abnormalities exist besides the typical ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and well-known STEMI equivalents and may point to possible myocardial ischemia. DISCUSSION To fully evaluate the ECG in patients with atraumatic chest pain, typical signs of ischemia like STEMI as well as subtle ECG signs should be recognized to allow early cardiac intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Fessele
- Klinik für Kardiologie, Zentrale Notaufnahme Klinikum Süd, Klinikum Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Nürnberg, Deutschland
| | - Martin Fandler
- Zentrale Notaufnahme, Sozialstiftung Bamberg/Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Gotthardt
- Zentrale Notaufnahme, Klinikum Fürth, Jakob-Henle-Str. 1, 90766, Fürth, Deutschland.
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13
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Meyers HP, Bracey A, Lee D, Lichtenheld A, Li WJ, Singer DD, Kane JA, Dodd KW, Meyers KE, Thode HC, Shroff GR, Singer AJ, Smith SW. Comparison of the ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) vs. NSTEMI and Occlusion MI (OMI) vs. NOMI Paradigms of Acute MI. J Emerg Med 2021; 60:273-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Tziakas D, Chalikias G, Al-Lamee R, Kaski JC. Non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients with total coronary artery occlusion: More than meets the eye. Int J Cardiol 2021; 333:52. [PMID: 33647364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tziakas
- Cardiology Department, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - George Chalikias
- Cardiology Department, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Rasha Al-Lamee
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Kaski
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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15
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STEMI: A transitional fossil in MI classification? J Electrocardiol 2021; 65:163-169. [PMID: 33640636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An important task in emergency cardiology is distinguishing patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO), who will benefit from emergent reperfusion therapy, from those without ongoing myocyte loss who can be managed with medical therapy and for whom potentially harmful invasive interventions can be deferred. The electrocardiogram is critical in this process. Although the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)/non-STEMI paradigm is well-established, with "STEMI" representing ACO, its evidence base is poor, and this can have dire consequences. The universally recommended STEMI criteria do not accurately diagnose ACO; in fact, they miss more than one-fourth of the patients with ACO, and also result in a substantial burden of unnecessary catheterization laboratory activations. We here discuss why we believe it is time to change the current STEMI/non-STEMI paradigm.
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16
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McLaren JT, Kapoor M, Yi SL, Chartier LB. Using ECG-To-Activation Time to Assess Emergency Physicians’ Diagnostic Time for Acute Coronary Occlusion. J Emerg Med 2021; 60:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Aslanger EK, Smith SW. Response to: "A new electrocardiographic pattern indicating inferior myocardial infarction". J Electrocardiol 2020; 73:148-149. [PMID: 33243464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre K Aslanger
- Marmara University, Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Stephen W Smith
- University of Minnesota, Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
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18
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Hysell M, Schluentz M. Man With Left-Sided Chest Pain and Shortness of Breath. Ann Emerg Med 2020; 76:590-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Coronary Circulation in der EKG-Diagnostik. Notf Rett Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-020-00729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Lindow T, Wiiala J, Lundager Forberg J, Lassen AT, Brabrand M, Platonov PG, Ekelund U. Optimal measuring point for ST deviation in chest pain patients with possible acute coronary syndrome. J Electrocardiol 2020; 58:165-170. [PMID: 31901697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the ECG, significant ST elevation or depression according to specific amplitude criteria can be indicative of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Guidelines state that the ST amplitude should be measured at the J point, but data to support that this is the optimal measuring point for ACS detection is lacking. We evaluated the impact of different measuring points for ST deviation on the diagnostic accuracy for ACS in unselected emergency department (ED) chest pain patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 14,148 adult patients with acute chest pain and an ECG recorded at a Swedish ED between 2010 and 2014. ST deviation was measured at the J point (STJ) and at 20, 40, 60 and 80 ms after the J point. A discharge diagnosis of ACS or not at the index visit was noted in all patients. RESULTS In total, 1489 (10.5%) patients had ACS. ST amplitude criteria at STJ had a sensitivity of 28% and a specificity of 92% for ACS. With these criteria, the highest positive and negative predictive values for ACS were obtained near the J point, but the optimal point varied with ST deviation, age group and sex. The overall best measuring points were STJ and ST20. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the diagnostic accuracy of the ECG criteria for ACS is very low in ED chest pain patients, and that the optimal measuring point for the ST amplitude in the detection of ACS differs between ST elevation and depression, and between patient subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lindow
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Department of Research and Development, Växjö Central Hospital, Sweden; Clinical Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - J Wiiala
- Emergency Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - J Lundager Forberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - A T Lassen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University, Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - M Brabrand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University, Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - P G Platonov
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - U Ekelund
- Emergency Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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21
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Lindow T, Pahlm O, Khoshnood A, Nyman I, Manna D, Engblom H, Lassen AT, Ekelund U. Electrocardiographic changes in the differentiation of ischemic and non-ischemic ST elevation. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2019; 54:100-107. [PMID: 31885293 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2019.1705383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of true STEMI among patients with different ST-elevation etiology may be improved by considering reciprocal ST depression, ST depression in aVR and chest-lead PR depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindow
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden.,Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Sweden.,Clinical Physiology, Skane University Hospital, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Pahlm
- Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Sweden
| | - Ardavan Khoshnood
- Emergency Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Nyman
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Manna
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Engblom
- Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Ekelund
- Emergency Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Hillinger P, Strebel I, Abächerli R, Twerenbold R, Wildi K, Bernhard D, Nestelberger T, Boeddinghaus J, Badertscher P, Wussler D, Koechlin L, Zimmermann T, Puelacher C, Rubini Gimenez M, du Fay de Lavallaz J, Walter J, Geigy N, Keller DI, Reichlin T, Mueller C. Prospective validation of current quantitative electrocardiographic criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2019; 292:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Walsh B, Macfarlane PW, Prutkin JM, Smith SW. Distinctive ECG patterns in healthy black adults. J Electrocardiol 2019; 56:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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A Simplified Formula Discriminating Subtle Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction from Normal Variant ST-Segment Elevation. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122:1303-1309. [PMID: 30107901 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Benign variant (BV) ST-segment elevation (STE) is present in anterior chest leads in most individuals and may cause diagnostic confusion in patients presenting with chest pain. Recently, 2 regression formulas were proposed for differentiation of BV-STE from anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) on the electrocardiogram, computation of which is heavily device-dependent. We hypothesized that a simpler visual-assessment-based formula, namely (R-wave amplitude in lead V4 + QRS amplitude in V2) - (QT interval in millimeters + STE60 in V3), will be noninferior to these formulas. Consecutive cases of proven left anterior descending occlusion were reviewed, and those with obvious ST elevation MI were excluded. First 200 consecutive patients with noncardiac chest pain and BV-STE were also enrolled as a control group. Relevant electrocardiographic parameters were measured. There were 138 anterior MI and 196 BV-STE cases. Our simple formula was superior to the 3- and noninferior to the 4-variable formulas. This new practical formula had an excellent area-under curve of 0.963 (95% confidence interval, 0.946 to 0.980, p<0.001). It also had a sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 86.9%, 92.3%, and 90.1%, respectively. In conclusion, a simple visual assessment-based formula can reliably differentiate STE MI from BV-STE. Also, our results emphasize that focusing only on STE for diagnosing acute coronary occlusion is extremely insensitive and even puts the term "STEMI" itself into question.
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25
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Bozbeyoğlu E, Aslanger E, Yıldırımtürk Ö, Şimşek B, Karabay CY, Şimşek MA, Tekkeşin Aİ, Değertekin M, Kozan Ö. A tale of two formulas: Differentiation of subtle anterior MI from benign ST segment elevation. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2018; 23:e12568. [PMID: 29938879 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It may sometimes be difficult to differentiate subtle ST-segment elevation (STE) due to anterior myocardial infarction (MI) from benign variant (BV) STE. Recently, two related formulas were proposed for this purpose. However, they have never been tested in an external population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive patients from May 2017 to January 2018, who were admitted with the diagnosis of acute anterior STEMI, were enrolled. Electrocardiograms were systematically reviewed and only subtle ones were included. First 200 consecutive patients with noncardiac chest pain were also enrolled as a control group. Relevant electrocardiographic parameters were measured. RESULTS A total of 379 anterior MI and 200 BV-STE cases were enrolled during study period. A total of 241 patients in STEMI group were excluded for not matching subtleness criteria, four patients in control group were also excluded because of prior left-anterior descending artery intervention. The three-variable formula, with recommended cut-point of 23.5, had a sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 73.9%, 86.7%, and 81.4%, respectively. The four-variable formula, with the published cut-point of 18.2, had a sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 83.3%, 87.7%, and 85.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION Three- and four-variable formulas with recommended cutoffs have a reasonable sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy in differentiating subtle STEMI with BV-STE. Although both perform well, the four-variable formula has a higher sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy and should be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Bozbeyoğlu
- Division of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Aslanger
- Department of Cardiology, Yeditepe University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Yıldırımtürk
- Division of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Şimşek
- Division of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Yücel Karabay
- Division of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet İlker Tekkeşin
- Division of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ömer Kozan
- Division of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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Sreenivasan S, Monaghan M, Smith SW. Recognition of Subtle ECG Manifestations of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Occlusion. Ann Emerg Med 2018; 71:795-796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Chartrain AG, Kellner CP, Mocco J. Pre-hospital detection of acute ischemic stroke secondary to emergent large vessel occlusion: lessons learned from electrocardiogram and acute myocardial infarction. J Neurointerv Surg 2018; 10:549-553. [PMID: 29298860 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no device capable of detecting acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) in the pre-hospital setting. The inability to reliably identify patients that would benefit from primary treatment with endovascular thrombectomy remains an important limitation to optimizing emergency medical services (EMS) triage models and time-to-treatment. Several clinical grading scales that rely solely on clinical examination have been proposed and have demonstrated only moderate predictive ability for ELVO. Consequently, a technology capable of detecting ELVO in the pre-hospital setting would be of great benefit. An analogous scenario existed decades ago, in which pre-hospital detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was unreliable until the emergence of the 12-lead ECG and its adoption by EMS providers. This review details the implementation of pre-hospital ECG (PHECG) for the detection of AMI and explores how early experience with PHECG may be applied to ELVO detection devices, once they become available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Mocco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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28
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Miranda DF, Lobo AS, Walsh B, Sandoval Y, Smith SW. New Insights Into the Use of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram for Diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Department. Can J Cardiol 2017; 34:132-145. [PMID: 29407007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) remains the most immediately accessible and widely used initial diagnostic tool for guiding management in patients with suspected myocardial infarction (MI). Although the development of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays has improved the rule-in and rule-out and risk stratification of acute MI without ST elevation, the immediate management of the subset of acute MI with acute coronary occlusion depends on integrating clinical presentation and ECG findings. Careful interpretation of the ECG might yield subtle features suggestive of ischemia that might facilitate more rapid triage of patients with subtle acute coronary occlusion or, conversely, in identification of ST-elevation MI mimics (pseudo ST-elevation MI patterns). Our goal in this review article is to consider recent advances in the use of the ECG to diagnose coronary occlusion MIs, including the application of rules that allow MI to be diagnosed on the basis of atypical ECG manifestations. Such rules include the modified Sgarbossa criteria allowing identification of acute MI in left bundle branch block or ventricular pacing, the 3- and 4-variable formula to differentiate normal ST elevation (formerly called early repolarization) from subtle ECG signs of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, the differentiation of ST elevation of left ventricular aneurysm from that of acute anterior MI, and the use of lead aVL in the recognition of inferior MI. Improved use of the ECG is essential to improving the diagnosis and appropriate early management of acute coronary occlusion MIs, which will lead to improved outcomes for patients who present with acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Miranda
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angie S Lobo
- Department of Medical Education, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brooks Walsh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yader Sandoval
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen W Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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