• recombinant vaccine
• viral infection
• preclinical research
• drug development

• W81XH19C0169 U.S. Department of Defense (United States Department of Defense)
• W81XH19C0169 U.S. Department of Defense (United States Department of Defense)
• W81XH19C0169 U.S. Department of Defense (United States Department of Defense)
• W81XH19C0169 U.S. Department of Defense (United States Department of Defense)
• W81XH19C0169 U.S. Department of Defense (United States Department of Defense)

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) within species B, C, and E are responsible for highly contagious and potentially severe respiratory disease infections. The traditional method to type these pathogens was based on virus neutralization and hemagglutination assays, which are both time-consuming and difficult, particularly due to the nonavailability of reagents. Subsequent molecular typing based on the partial characterization of the hexon gene and/or the restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the genomes is inadequate, particularly in identifying recombinants. Here, a rapid, simple, and cost-effective method for molecular typing HAdV respiratory pathogens is presented. This incorporates three pairs of universal PCR primers that target the variable regions of the three major capsid genes, i.e., hexon, penton base, and fiber genes, that span the genome. The protocol enables typing and characterization of genotypes within species B, C, and E, as well as of some genotypes within species D and F. To validate this method, we surveyed 100 children with HAdV-associated acute respiratory infections identified by direct immunofluorescence (Hong Kong; July through October, 2014). Throat swab specimens were collected and analyzed by PCR amplification and sequencing; these sequences were characterized by BLAST. HAdVs were detected in 98 out of 100 (98%) samples, distributing as follows: 74 HAdV-B3 (74%); 10 HAdV-E4 (10%); 7 HAdV-C2 (7%); 2 HAdV-C6 (2%); 1 HAdV-B7 (1%); 1 HAdV-C1 (1%); 2 co-infection (2%); and 1 novel recombinant (1%). This study is the first detailed molecular epidemiological survey of HAdVs in Hong Kong. The developed method allows for the rapid identification of HAdV respiratory pathogens, including recombinants, and bypasses the need for whole genome sequencing for real-time surveillance of circulating adenovirus strains in outbreaks and populations by clinical virologists, public health officials, and epidemiologists.

• National Key Research and Development Program of China
• National Natural Science Foundation of China
• Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province
• Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

The risk of outbreaks escalating into pandemics has soared with globalization. Therefore, understanding transmission mechanisms of infectious diseases has become critical to formulating global public health policy. This systematic review assessed evidence in the medical and public health literature for the military as a disease vector.

We searched 3 electronic databases without temporal restrictions. Two researchers independently extracted study data using a standardized form. Through team discussions, studies were grouped according to their type of transmission mechanism and direct quotes were extracted to generate themes and sub-themes. A content analysis was later performed and frequency distributions for each theme were generated.

Of 6477 studies, 210 met our inclusion criteria and provided evidence, spanning over two centuries (1810–2020), for the military as a pathogen transmitter, within itself or between it and civilians. Biological mechanisms driving transmission included person-to-person transmission, contaminated food and water, vector-borne, and airborne routes. Contaminated food and/or water were the most common biological transmission route. Social mechanisms facilitating transmission included crowded living spaces, unhygienic conditions, strenuous working, training conditions, absent or inadequate vaccination programs, pressure from military leadership, poor compliance with public health advice, contractor mismanagement, high-risk behaviours, and occupation-specific freedom of movement. Living conditions were the most common social transmission mechanism, with young, low ranking military personnel repeatedly reported as the most affected group. Selected social mechanisms, such as employment-related freedom of movement, were unique to the military as a social institution. While few studies explicitly studied civilian populations, considerably more contained information that implied that civilians were likely impacted by outbreaks described in the military.

This study identified features of the military that pose a significant threat to global health, especially to civilian health in countries with substantial military presence or underdeveloped health systems. While biological transmission mechanisms are shared by other social groups, selected social transmission mechanisms are unique to the military. As an increasingly interconnected world faces the challenges of COVID-19 and future infectious diseases, the identified features of the military may exacerbate current and similar challenges and impair attempts to implement successful and equitable global public health policies.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41256-021-00232-0.

• COVID-19
• Global public health policy
• Military as transmission vector
• Military civilian transmission of infectious disease

Human adenoviruses can cause infections at any age but most commonly in pediatric population, especially in young children and infants. By the time of 10 years old, most children have had at least one episode of adenovirus infection. Adenoviruses can cause many symptoms similar to common cold, including rhinorrhea, fever, cough, and sore throat. Lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia can be severe and even fatal. Other diseases such as conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, cystitis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and meningoencephalitis can also be associated with adenovirus infections. A variety of recent advancement of structural and molecular biology methods have revamped the taxonomy of adenoviruses and furthered our understanding of the diversity of related clinical diseases. Because of the wide spectrum and complexity of diseases associated with human adenovirus infections, the scope of this review is limited to basic virology and epidemiology of adenoviruses with a main focus on the clinico–pathologic correlation. Clinical manifestations and pathology of any infectious disease are always related; therefore, it is logical to review clinico–pathologic correlation within the specific disease entity caused by adenoviruses to better understand this common viral infection in pediatric population.

• clinico-pathologic correlation
• epidemiology
• human adenoviruses
• pediatric infections

• Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/mortality
• Animals
• Human-Animal Interaction
• Humans
• Pandemics/statistics & numerical data
• Recombination, Genetic
• Risk Factors
• Species Specificity
• Transcription, Genetic

• agence nationale de la recherche
• la fondation pour la recherche médicale
• la region occitanie
• foundation peirre fabre

Direct metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of clinical samples is an effective method for the molecular diagnosis of infection. However, its role in the diagnosis of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of an unknown infectious etiology remains unclear.

A 33-year-old man was admitted to our center for a cough and febrile sensation. Shortly after admission, the patient was diagnosed with ARDS and treated in the intensive care unit. Subsequently, chest computed tomography features suggested an infection. mNGS was performed and the results were indicative of an infection caused by adenovirus type 7. The patient recovered after receiving appropriate treatment.

mNGS is a promising tool for the diagnosis of ARDS caused by infectious agents. However, further studies are required to develop strategies for incorporating mNGS into the current diagnostic process for the disease.

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Metagenomic next-generation sequencing
• Adenovirus
• Case report

• cytokine storm
• disease progression
• human adenoviruses
• immunocompetent adults
• prediction

• Adenovirus Infections, Human/blood
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/complications
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/pathology
• Adenoviruses, Human
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Bacteria
• Bacterial Infections/blood
• Bacterial Infections/complications
• Bacterial Infections/pathology
• Biomarkers/blood
• COVID-19/blood
• COVID-19/complications
• COVID-19/pathology
• Cytokines/blood
• Disease Progression
• Female
• Humans
• Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
• Influenza, Human/blood
• Influenza, Human/complications
• Influenza, Human/pathology
• Male
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome/blood
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome/complications
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome/pathology
• SARS-CoV-2
• Severity of Illness Index
• Viremia/blood
• Viremia/complications
• Viremia/pathology
• Young Adult

• Respiratory virus infection
• dysbiosis
• immune response
• lung homeostasis
• respiratory microbiome
• virome

• United States
• acute respiratory disease
• adenovirus
• emerging infectious disease
• genetic variation
• viruses
• whole genome sequencing

• Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology
• Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
• China
• DNA, Viral
• Humans
• Phylogeny
• Proteomics
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology
• Respiratory Tract Infections

• Adenovirus
• E1A
• Quantitative PCR
• RT-PCR
• SYBR-Green
• Transcriptome

During January 2013–April 2014, we subjected nasopharyngeal specimens collected from patients with acute febrile respiratory illness in a military hospital to PCR testing to detect 12 respiratory viruses and sequence a partial hexon gene for human adenovirus (HAdV) molecular typing. We analyzed the epidemiologic characteristics of HAdV infections and compared clinical characteristics of HAdV types. Among the 305 patients with acute febrile respiratory illness, we detected respiratory viruses in 139 (45.6%) patients; HAdV was the most prevalent virus (69 cases). Of the 40 adenoviruses identified based on type, HAdV-55 (29 cases) was the most prevalent, followed by HAdV-4 (9 cases). HAdV-55 was common in patients with pneumonia (odds ratio 2.17; 95% CI 0.48–9.86) and hospitalized patients (odds ratio 5.21; 95% CI 1.06–25.50). In soldiers with HAdV infection in Korea, HAdV-55 was the most prevalent type and might be associated with severe clinical outcomes.

• AFRI
• HAdV
• South Korea
• acute febrile respiratory illness
• adenovirus infections
• human
• military personnel
• respiratory tract infections
• soldiers
• viruses

• Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
• Adenoviruses, Human/classification
• Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
• Adult
• Female
• Fever/diagnosis
• Fever/epidemiology
• Fever/virology
• Genotype
• Humans
• Male
• Military Personnel
• Molecular Epidemiology
• Molecular Typing
• Odds Ratio
• Phylogeny
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology
• Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
• Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
• Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
• Young Adult

Most adenovirus infections are self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. Here, we report a case of adenovirus pneumonia in a 17-year-old immunocompetent male. He was admitted to our emergency room complaining of a febrile sense, cough, and diarrhea for four days. Crackles in the left lung and a high fever (40.7 °C) were revealed. Initial chest X-ray and computed tomography images showed consolidation in the left lung. We immediately started empirical antibiotic treatment, but his clinical symptoms and pneumonic consolidation in radiography had not improved by hospital day three. Because adenovirus was detected in his sputum using RT-PCR, he was administered Cidofovir. After 24 h of Cidofovir treatment, the symptoms and fever subsided, and the consolidation in his X-ray was significantly reduced by hospital day nine. The early administration of Cidofovir could be beneficial for the treatment of adenovirus infection in immunocompetent patients.

• Adenovirus
• CRP, C-reactive protein
• CT, computed tomography
• Cidofovir
• GI, gastrointestinal
• Healthy
• Immunocompetent
• PSI, Pneumonia Severity Index
• Pneumonia
• RT-PCR, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
• WBC, white blood cell
• Young adult

On May 19, 2017, the cluster of 6 acute respiratory infections due to adenovirus in the swimming department of a physical education school (School J) was reported to Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the transmission route of the infection and to control the outbreak.

A retrospective cohort study (Study 1) was conducted on students and teachers of the athletic departments using the swimming pool, and a prospective surveillance (Study 2) was conducted on all students and teachers of the School J. A case was defined as any student and school personnel who developed more than two of the following symptoms from April 10 to July 2, 2017: fever, sore throat, cough, rhinorrhea, or headache. Relative risks (RRs) were calculated to compare the attack rates according to potential risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the risk factors for infection in the outbreak.

47 cases were identified: 33 (55.9%) cases occurred among 59 students and teachers in Study 1 and 14 (3.9%) among 362 students and school personnel in Study 2. There were 18 laboratory confirmed adenovirus infection cases. The common symptoms were headache (71.7%), fever (69.6%), rhinorrhea (63.0%), sputum (56.5%), and sore throat (54.3%). 23.9% of the cases were accompanied with diarrhea and 19.6% with eye congestion. None of the cases developed pneumonia. 32.6% of the cases were hospitalized. In Study 1, attack rate in the swimming department was higher than that in others (RR: 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-3.60). In Study 2, being a member of the shooting department (RR: 20.70; 95% CI: 4.90-87.47) and being a first year high school student (RR: 10.95; 95% CI: 2.90-41.33) were identified as risk factors for the infections. Genetic analyses of the adenoviruses showed 100% identical sequence in homology and confirmed the human adenovirus B55 (HAdV-B55). No adenovirus was detected at examining the water and environment of the swimming pool and dormitory.

The outbreak is inferred to be occurred via propagated transmission among the students in the same athletic department, while the students with symptoms of respiratory infection continued performing school activities without any restrictions. Infection control measures such as early detection of symptoms of respiratory infection and restriction of group activity are necessary to prevent respiratory infection outbreak in the communal living setting.

• Acute respiratory infection
• Human adenovirus
• Outbreak
• School

• Adenovirus
• Case report
• Disseminated infection
• Earlier
• Fatal
• PCR
• Respiratory
• Treatment

• adenovirus
• enterovirus
• etiology
• military
• respiratory diseases

Adenovirus is a common pathogen of acute upper respiratory infection in children and is generally self-limiting. Severe adenovirus infections have been reported in immunocompromised hosts especially bone marrow transplantation recipients due to hematologic malignancy. Severe adenovirus pneumonia in immunocompetent hosts has rarely been reported and optimal treatment has not been established. We report a case of community-acquired severe adenovirus pneumonia which was successfully treated with early administration of oral ribavirin.

A 39 year-old, previously healthy Korean male was admitted with symptoms of cough, myalgia, febrile sensation. Laboratory findings revealed that he had hypoxemia, thrombocytopenia and elevated transaminase. Chest imaging showed a consolidation with pleural effusion, which was rapidly progressed. All microbiological tests were negative except multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using respiratory specimen, which was positive for human adenovirus. Under the diagnosis of severe adenovirus pneumonia, we started oral ribavirin, which results in complete recovery without any complications.

This case demonstrates that oral ribavirin, instead of other expensive antiviral treatment, could be a good therapeutic option for the severe adenovirus pneumonia at least occurred in immunocompetent hosts.

• Adenovirus
• Case report
• Pneumonia
• Ribavirin

Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or conjunctiva. Rare manifestations of AdV infections include hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, or meningoencephalitis. AdV infections are more common in young children, due to lack of humoral immunity. Epidemics of AdV infection may occur in healthy children or adults in closed or crowded settings (particularly military recruits). The disease is more severe and dissemination is more likely in patients with impaired immunity (e.g., organ transplant recipients, human immunodeficiency virus infection). Fatality rates for untreated severe AdV pneumonia or disseminated disease may exceed 50%. More than 50 serotypes of AdV have been identified. Different serotypes display different tissue tropisms that correlate with clinical manifestations of infection. The predominant serotypes circulating at a given time differ among countries or regions, and change over time. Transmission of novel strains between countries or across continents and replacement of dominant viruses by new strains may occur. Treatment of AdV infections is controversial, as prospective, randomized therapeutic trials have not been conducted. Cidofovir is the drug of choice for severe AdV infections, but not all patients require treatment. Live oral vaccines are highly efficacious in reducing the risk of respiratory AdV infection and are in routine use in the military in the United States, but currently are not available to civilians.

• genetic sequence
• military training centers
• real-time PCR
• respiratory infection

• Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data
• Humans
• Military Personnel
• Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
• Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
• Respiratory Tract Infections/therapy
• United States
• Vaccination/standards

• DNA
• adenovirus evolution
• military
• molecular epidemiology

Basic trainees in the US military have historically been vulnerable to respiratory infections. Adenovirus and influenza are the most common etiological agents responsible for febrile respiratory illness (FRI) among trainees and present with similar clinical signs and symptoms. Identifying demographic and clinical factors associated with the primary viral pathogens causing FRI epidemics among trainees will help improve differential diagnosis and allow for appropriate distribution of antiviral medications. The objective of this study was to determine what demographic and clinical factors are associated with influenza and adenovirus among military trainees.

Specimens were systematically collected from military trainees meeting FRI case definition (fever ≥38.0°C with either cough or sore throat; or provider-diagnosed pneumonia) at eight basic training centers in the USA. PCR and/or cell culture testing for respiratory pathogens were performed on specimens. Interviewer-administered questionnaires collected information on patient demographic and clinical factors. Polychotomous logistic regression was employed to assess the association between these factors and FRI outcome categories: laboratory-confirmed adenovirus, influenza, or other FRI. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were calculated for individual predictors and clinical combinations of predictors.

Among 21,570 FRI cases sampled between 2004 and 2009, 63.6% were laboratory-confirmed adenovirus cases and 6.6% were laboratory-confirmed influenza cases. Subjects were predominantly young men (86.8% men; mean age 20.8 ± 3.8 years) from Fort Jackson (18.8%), Great Lakes (17.1%), Fort Leonard Wood (16.3%), Marine Corps Recruit Depot (MCRD) San Diego (19.0%), Fort Benning (13.3%), Lackland (7.5%), MCRD Parris Island (8.7%), and Cape May (3.2%). The best multivariate predictors of adenovirus were the combination of sore throat (odds ratio [OR], 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.66-3.25), cough (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 2.11-2.57), and fever (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.90-2.26) with a PPV of 77% (p ≤.05). A combination of cough, fever, training week 0-2 and acute onset were most predictive of influenza (PPV =38%; p ≤ .05).

Specific demographic and clinical factors were associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza and adenovirus among military trainees. Findings from this study can guide clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of military trainees presenting with FRI.

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0576-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Adenoviridae/physiology
• Adenoviridae Infections/epidemiology
• Adenoviridae Infections/pathology
• Adenoviridae Infections/virology
• Adolescent
• Comorbidity
• Female
• Humans
• Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
• Influenza, Human/epidemiology
• Influenza, Human/pathology
• Influenza, Human/virology
• Male
• Military Personnel
• Pandemics
• Prevalence
• Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
• Respiratory Tract Infections/pathology
• Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
• Sex Factors
• United States/epidemiology
• Young Adult

• Adenoviridae/isolation & purification
• Adult
• Child
• Epidemics
• Humans
• Influenza, Human/epidemiology
• Influenza, Human/virology
• Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
• Pneumonia, Viral/virology
• RNA Viruses/isolation & purification

Respiratory infections are very common in Kuwait, yet little is known about the cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections. This study was designed to investigate the viral cause of lower respiratory tract infections using sensitive molecular methods. PCR was applied to investigate 10 respiratory viruses in respiratory samples from 1,014 patients aged between 3 days to 76 years with acute lower respiratory tract infections. Of the 1,014 patients with lower respiratory tract infections, 288 (28.4%) had a viral infection. One hundred fifty‐five (53.8%) presented with bronchiolitis, 100 (43.7%) with pneumonia, and 33 (11.5%) with croup. One hundred six (36.8%) and 99 (34.4%) patients had evidence of respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinoviruses infections, respectively. Adenoviruses were detected in 44 (15.2%) patients, while influenza A virus in 21 (7.3%) patients. The majority of respiratory syncytial virus infections (84%) were among patients aged <1 year. Similarly, of the 99 patients infected by human rhinoviruses, 50 (50.5%) were also among this age group. In contrast, most of influenza A virus infections, 12 of 21 (57.1%), were among patients aged over 16 years. Parainfluenza virus‐2 and human coronaviruses were not detected in any of the patients' samples. Over the 3‐year period, most of the hospitalized patients were seen during the autumn and winter months from October through March. These data show that respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinoviruses may be the major causes of lower respiratory tract infections in children admitted to hospital in Kuwait. J. Med. Virol. 82:1462–1467, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Background. In both military and civilian settings, transmission of respiratory pathogens may be due to person-to-person and environmental contributions. This possibility was explored in a military training setting, where rates of febrile respiratory illness (FRI) often reach epidemic levels.

Methods. Population size and FRI rates were monitored over 10 months in the units of 50–90 individuals. Some units were open to the influx of potentially infectious convalescents (hereafter referred to as “open units,” and some were closed to such an influx (hereafter referred to as “closed units”). Virologic testing and polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to detect adenovirus on surface structures.

Results. The odds ratio (OR) associated with FRI in closed units, compared with open units, was 1.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.28). The OR in units with a population greater than the median size, compared with units with a population lower than the median size was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.23–1.55). Between 5% and 9% of surface samples obtained from selected units harbored viable adenovirus.

Conclusions. FRI rates were not reduced in units that were closed to potentially contagious individuals. These findings imply that the primary source of the pathogen is likely environmental rather than human, and they underscore what is known about other virus types. Diligence in identifying the relative roles of different transmission routes is suggested for civilian settings similar to those described in the current study.

• ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1
• ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
• Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry
• Adenoviridae/metabolism
• Animals
• Cell Line
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Epithelial Cells/metabolism
• Fibroblasts/metabolism
• Gene Expression Regulation
• Humans
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Models, Biological
• Phospholipids/chemistry
• Surface-Active Agents/metabolism
• Time Factors
• Up-Regulation

• HL068135 NHLBI NIH HHS
• HL080229 NHLBI NIH HHS
• HL081784 NHLBI NIH HHS

• Adenoviridae/genetics
• Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/pathology
• Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/therapy
• Animals
• Antiviral Agents
• Cattle
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Cell Survival
• Chromaffin Cells/cytology
• Chromaffin Cells/physiology
• Chromaffin Cells/ultrastructure
• Ganciclovir
• Genetic Therapy/methods
• Genetic Vectors
• Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
• Mice
• Mice, Knockout
• Microscopy, Electron
• Norepinephrine/pharmacokinetics
• Pheochromocytoma/pathology
• Pheochromocytoma/therapy
• Thymidine Kinase/genetics
• Transgenes/genetics
• Tritium

• Z99 CA999999 Intramural NIH HHS

• Adenovirus Infections, Human/prevention & control
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/transmission
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
• Adenoviruses, Human
• Adult
• Humans
• Infant, Newborn
• Military Personnel
• Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
• Respiratory Tract Infections/transmission
• Respiratory Tract Infections/virology

• R01 AI053034 NIAID NIH HHS
• 5R01AI053034-03 NIAID NIH HHS

• Adenoviridae Infections/complications
• Adenoviridae Infections/immunology
• Alanine Transaminase/blood
• Animals
• Enterotoxins/toxicity
• Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/pathology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Mice, Inbred DBA
• Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
• Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
• Splenomegaly/etiology
• Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis

• HL 060316 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL073967 NHLBI NIH HHS
• T32 HL007638 NHLBI NIH HHS
• HL 073967 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL077431 NHLBI NIH HHS
• HL 077341 NHLBI NIH HHS
• HL 007638 NHLBI NIH HHS

• Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
• Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
• Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification
• DNA, Viral/analysis
• Ethanol
• Humans
• Influenza A virus/genetics
• Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
• Influenza B virus/genetics
• Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
• Influenza, Human/diagnosis
• Influenza, Human/virology
• Military Personnel
• Nose/virology
• Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
• Population Surveillance
• Predictive Value of Tests
• RNA, Viral/analysis
• Sensitivity and Specificity
• Specimen Handling/methods

• Adenoviridae/classification
• Adenoviridae/genetics
• Adenoviridae/immunology
• Adult
• Aged
• Alkaline Phosphatase/analysis
• Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics
• Alkaline Phosphatase/immunology
• Animals
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antibodies, Viral/immunology
• Cell Line
• Epidemiologic Studies
• Female
• Gene Transfer Techniques
• Genes, Reporter
• Genetic Vectors/immunology
• Humans
• Macaca mulatta
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Neutralization Tests/methods
• Vaccines, DNA/immunology

• Adenovirus Infections, Human/drug therapy
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/pathology
• Adult
• Fatal Outcome
• Humans
• Immunocompetence
• Male
• Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
• Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
• Pneumonia, Viral/pathology

• Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
• Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology
• Adenoviruses, Human/classification
• Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Clinical Laboratory Techniques
• DNA Primers
• DNA, Viral/analysis
• Disease Outbreaks
• Humans
• Male
• Military Personnel
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Sensitivity and Specificity
• Serotyping