Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Methodol. Dec 20, 2024; 14(4): 95881
Published online Dec 20, 2024. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i4.95881
Diabetic retinopathy: A review on its pathophysiology and novel treatment modalities
Arvind Kumar Morya, Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh, Prateek Nishant, Kirandeep Kaur, Bharat Gurnani, Aarti Heda, Sarika Salodia
Arvind Kumar Morya, Head of the Department, Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 508126, Telangana, India
Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh, Glaucoma Medical Officer, Department of Glaucoma and Research, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Trichy 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
Prateek Nishant, Department of Ophthalmology, ESIC Medical College, Patna 801103, Bihar, India
Kirandeep Kaur, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Gomabai Netralaya and Research Centre, Neemuch 458441, Madhya Pradesh, India
Bharat Gurnani, Cornea and Refractive Services, Gomabai Netralaya and Research Centre, Neemuch 458441, Madhya Pradesh, India
Aarti Heda, Department of Ophthalmology, National Institute of Ophthalmology, Pune 411000, Maharashtra, India
Sarika Salodia, Global Medical Safety, Lundbeck, Singapore 569933, Singapore, Singapore
Co-first authors: Arvind Kumar Morya and Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh.
Author contributions: Morya AK designed the research; Ramesh PV, Nishant P, Kaur K and Gurnani B performed the research; Ramesh PV and Nishant P wrote the manuscript; Nishant P, Heda A and Salodia S revised the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they each have no conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Arvind Kumar Morya, MS, Doctor, Neurosurgeon, Professor, Researcher, Senior Lecturer, Senior Researcher, Surgeon, Head of the Department, Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibi Nagar, Hyderabad 508126, Telangana, India. bulbul.morya@gmail.com
Received: April 21, 2024
Revised: May 28, 2024
Accepted: July 10, 2024
Published online: December 20, 2024
Processing time: 96 Days and 0.2 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes mellitus that is a potential threat to the vision of patients. In patients with diabetes, regular ocular examination is essential to diagnose the disease at an early stage, and timely screening and diagnosis play an important part in a better prognosis. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) requires regular follow-up and treatment as and when needed. In proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), the effectiveness of laser photocoagulation is time-bound: the earlier the better. Advanced DR stages require a more intensive approach such as vitreoretinal surgery, and PDR is associated with limited visual prognosis. Despite the multiple therapeutic approaches that are currently available for DR patients, such as intravitreal injections and sutureless pars plana vitrectomy, an interdisciplinary approach remains a mandate to treat these patients. Diabetic patients require good glycemic control as well as blood pressure control to reduce the risk of associated ophthalmic complications.