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World J Methodol. Mar 20, 2023; 13(2): 10-17
Published online Mar 20, 2023. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i2.10
Is mandible derived mesenchymal stromal cells superior in proliferation and regeneration to long bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells?
Madhan Jeyaraman, Tushar Verma, Naveen Jeyaraman, Bishnu Prasad Patro, Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy, Manish Khanna
Madhan Jeyaraman, Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600056, Tamil Nadu, India
Madhan Jeyaraman, Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
Madhan Jeyaraman, Naveen Jeyaraman, Bishnu Prasad Patro, Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy, Manish Khanna, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Indian Stem Cell Study Group Association, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
Tushar Verma, Naveen Jeyaraman, Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy, Department of Orthopaedic Rheumatology, Fellow in Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
Naveen Jeyaraman, Department of Orthopaedics, Rathimed Speciality Hospital, Chennai 600040, Tamil Nadu, India
Bishnu Prasad Patro, Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy, Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, India
Author contributions: All authors contributed equally in writing the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflict of interests.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Madhan Jeyaraman, MS (Orth), FEIORA, FIRM, FROSM, FASM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Research Associate, Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600056, Tamil Nadu, India. madhanjeyaraman@gmail.com
Received: January 14, 2023
Peer-review started: January 14, 2023
First decision: January 31, 2023
Revised: February 1, 2023
Accepted: February 10, 2023
Article in press: February 10, 2023
Published online: March 20, 2023
Abstract

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are cells with the characteristic ability of self-renewal along with the ability to exhibit multilineage differentiation. Bone marrow (BM) is the first tissue in which MSCs were identified and BM-MSCs are most commonly used among various MSCs in clinical settings. MSCs can stimulate and promote osseous regeneration. Due to the difference in the development of long bones and craniofacial bones, the mandibular-derived MSCs (M-MSCs) have distinct differentiation characteristics as compared to that of long bones. Both mandibular and long bone-derived MSCs are positive for MSC-associated markers such as CD-73, -105, and -106, stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 and Octamer-4, and negative for hematopoietic markers such as CD-14, -34, and -45. As the M-MSCs are derived from neural crest cells, they have embryogenic cells which promote bone repair and high osteogenic potential. In vitro and in vivo animal-based studies demonstrate a higher rate of proliferation and high osteogenic potential for M-MSCs as compared to long-bones MSCs, but in vivo studies in human subjects are lacking. The BM-MSCs have their advantages and limitations. M-MSCs may be utilized as an alternative source of MSCs which can be utilized for tissue engineering and promoting the regeneration of bone. M-MSCs may have potential advantages in the repair of craniofacial or orofacial defects. Considering the utility of M-MSCs in the field of orthopaedics, we have discussed various unresolved questions, which need to be explored for their better utility in clinical practice.

Keywords: Mandible, Long bone, Mesenchymal stromal cells, Osteogenic potential, Regeneration

Core Tip: Due to the difference in the development of long bones and craniofacial bones, the mandibular-derived MSCs (M-MSCs) have distinct differentiation characteristics as compared to that of long bones. In vitro and in vivo animal-based studies demonstrate a higher rate of proliferation and high osteogenic potential for M-MSCs as compared to long-bones MSCs, but in vivo studies in human subjects are lacking. Considering the utility of M-MSCs in the field of orthopaedics, we have discussed various unresolved questions, which need to be explored for their better utility in clinical practice.