• ASCVD
• T2DM
• atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
• fat content
• muscle mass
• sarcopenia
• type 2 diabetes

• the Tianjin Science and Technology Committee
• the Science and Technology Project of the Tianjin Municipal Health Commission

• Adult
• Humans
• United States/epidemiology
• Young Adult
• Overweight/epidemiology
• Nutrition Surveys
• Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology
• Sociodemographic Factors
• Risk Factors
• Body Mass Index
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Life Style

• heart failure
• obesity
• “obesity paradox”

• Humans
• Body Mass Index
• Obesity/complications
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Obesity/therapy
• Overweight
• Heart Failure/epidemiology
• Heart Failure/etiology
• Risk Factors
• Cardiovascular Diseases/complications
• Prognosis

• a body shape index
• anthropometric indices
• fat mass
• female
• muscle mass
• obesity

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Body Composition
• Body Mass Index
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Incidence
• Mortality, Premature
• Obesity/diagnosis
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Obesity, Abdominal/diagnosis
• Sarcopenia/epidemiology
• Young Adult

• Body composition
• Health personnel
• Metabolic syndrome
• Sedentary behavior

• dyslipidemia
• hyperandrogenism
• insulin resistance
• precocious menarche
• visceral obesity

• Autoimmune hypothyroidism
• Cardiovascular risk
• Irisin
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus
• Visceral adiposity index

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Biomarkers/blood
• Blood Glucose/analysis
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Hashimoto Disease/drug therapy
• Hashimoto Disease/metabolism
• Hashimoto Disease/pathology
• Humans
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
• Insulin/therapeutic use
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/drug therapy
• Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/metabolism
• Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/pathology
• Prognosis
• Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/drug therapy
• Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/metabolism
• Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/pathology
• Thyroxine/therapeutic use
• Young Adult

• Università degli Studi di Palermo

Women with excessive gestational weight gain are at increased risk of postpartum weight retention and potentially also unfavorable body composition. Insight into the lifestyle behaviors that play a role in the evolution of postpartum weight and body composition among these women could aid identification of those at highest risk of long-term adverse outcomes. This secondary analysis of the INTER-ACT randomized controlled trial investigates control group data only (n = 524). The evolution of weight retention, percentage loss of gestational weight gain, fat percentage, waist circumference, and associated lifestyle behaviors between 6 weeks and 12 months postpartum were assessed using mixed model analyses. At six weeks postpartum, every sedentary hour was associated with 0.1% higher fat percentage (P = 0.01), and a higher emotional eating score was associated with 0.2% higher fat percentage (P < 0.001) and 0.3 cm higher waist circumference (P < 0.001). Increase in emotional eating score between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum was associated with a 0.4 kg (P = 0.003) increase in postpartum weight retention from six months onwards. Among women with overweight, an increase in the uncontrolled eating score between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum was associated with a 0.3 kg higher postpartum weight retention (P = 0.04), and 0.3% higher fat percentage (P = 0.006) from six months onwards. In conclusion, sedentary and eating behaviors play important roles in postpartum weight and body composition of women with excessive gestational weight gain and should therefore be incorporated as focal points in lifestyle interventions for this population.

• eating behavior
• emotional eating
• maternal health
• obesity
• overweight
• postpartum weight retention
• sedentary behavior
• uncontrolled eating

• Body Composition
• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Control Groups
• Female
• Gestational Weight Gain
• Humans
• Life Style
• Obesity
• Overweight
• Postpartum Period
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Complications

• epidemiology
• heart failure
• meta-analysis
• obesity
• systematic reviews as topic

• Body Composition
• Global Health
• Heart Failure/epidemiology
• Heart Failure/etiology
• Heart Failure/physiopathology
• Humans
• Incidence
• Obesity/complications
• Risk Assessment/methods
• Risk Factors
• Meta-Analysis as Topic
• Systematic Reviews as Topic

• 16896 Cancer Research UK
• Medical Research Council
• Nuffield Department of Population Health
• National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (Oxford, UK)
• BHF Centre of Research Excellence (Oxford, UK).
• US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation (with support from Amgen)

• Cardiometabolic risk
• Dapagliflozin
• LAP
• Tyg
• Visceral adiposity index

• epidemiology
• preventive medicine
• public health

• Adult
• Body Mass Index
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Myanmar/epidemiology
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Overweight/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Rural Population
• Socioeconomic Factors
• Urban Population

• Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad)

Background and Objectives: This study investigated the various impulse effects of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on psychophysiological responses and adaptations. Materials and Methods: The participants included fifty-four men between 20 and 27 years of age who practiced isometric exercises for 20 min, three days a week, for 12 weeks while wearing WB-EMS suits, which enabled the simultaneous activation of eight muscle groups with three types of impulse intensities. Participants were allocated to one of four groups: control group (CON), low-impulse-intensity group (LIG), mid-impulse-intensity group (MIG), and high-impulse-intensity group (HIG). Psychophysiological conditions were measured at week 0, week 4, week 8, and week 12. Results: Compared with the CON, (1) three psychological conditions in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed positive tendencies every four weeks, and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test revealed that body image (p = 0.004), body shape (p = 0.007), and self-esteem (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. (2) Body weight, fat mass, body mass index, and percent fat in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed a noticeable decrease, which revealed that there were significant differences among the groups. Specifically, a higher impulse intensity resulted in a greater increase in muscle mass. (3) Although there was no interaction effect in the abdominal visceral fat area, there were significant interactions in the abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF) and total fat (ATF) areas. Both the ASF and ATF in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in other groups showed a noticeable decrease. The ANCOVA revealed that the ASF (p = 0.002) and ATF (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. In particular, the higher the impulse intensity, the greater the decrease in abdominal fat. Conclusions: This study confirmed that high-impulse-intensity EMS can improve psychophysiological conditions. In other words, healthy young adults felt that the extent to which their body image, body shape, and self-esteem improved depended on how intense their EMS impulse intensities were. The results also showed that higher levels of impulse intensity led to improved physical conditions.

• body composition
• body image
• body shape
• electromyostimulation
• self-esteem

• Electric Stimulation Therapy
• Exercise
• Exercise Therapy
• Humans
• Infant
• Male
• Muscle, Skeletal
• Personal Satisfaction
• Young Adult

• anthropometry
• body weight
• circadian rhythm
• obesity

• body composition
• exercise
• older men
• sarcopenia
• strength

• anthropometry
• association
• blood pressure
• body composition
• children

• Arterial remodeling
• Obesity
• Perivascular adipose tissue
• SGLT2 inhibitor

• adipokine
• adipose tissue
• diabetes
• ghrelin
• glucose variability
• obesity

In South Africa, especially in the Eastern Cape province, despite reported high prevalence of underweight and obesity, little is known regarding the relationship of body composition (BC) with blood pressure (BP) in primary school children. Understanding the relationship between BC and BP in these children is important because it is associated with adverse effects on health and social repercussion in both adolescence and adulthood.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between BC and BP among South African primary school children.

This study was conducted on a cohort of primary school learners in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

A school-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 876 school children aged 9–14 years, using multistage sampling techniques. Body mass and stature were measured using a calibrated scale. Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, waist circumference, triceps, gluteal and subscapular were also collected. Body mass index, percentage body fat and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated.

Of the 876 participants, 356 (40.6%) were boys and 520 (59.0%) were girls. The Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients revealed positive significant correlations between systolic BP with age (r = 0.171; p < 0.0001), stature (r = 0.205; p < 0.0001), weight (r = 0.277; p < 0.0001), body mass index (r = 0.243; p < 0.0001), waist circumference (r = 0.259; p < 0.0001), gluteal (r = 0.214; p < 0.0001), triceps (r = 0.203; p < 0.0001), subscapular (r = 0.167; p < 0.0001), body fat percentage (r = 0.206; p < 0.0001), fat mass (r = 0.257; p < 0.0001) and fat-free mass (r = 0.238; p < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant correlation between waist-to-hip ratio and systolic BP (r = 0.064; p = 0.059). In terms of diastolic BP, there existed no significant correlations with age (r = 0.026; p = 0.443) and waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.002; p = 0.947). Collectively, the prevalence of hypertension was 76.4% in the normal group compared with those who were pre-hypertensive (18.4%) and hypertensive (5.3%). Girls showed a higher prevalence of pre-hypertension than boys (19.6% compared with 16.6%, respectively).

There is a relationship between most of the BC variables and BP in children. The screening of BP as part of physical examinations of school children is necessary for early prevention and intervention programmes for hypertension.

• South Africa
• blood pressure
• body mass index
• children
• hypertension

Socioeconomically disadvantaged people are disproportionally more likely to develop obesity and obesity-related diseases. However, it remains unclear to what extent diet quality contributes to socioeconomic inequalities in obesity. We aimed to assess the role of diet quality in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity. Data originated from the national nutrition survey, a cross-sectional sample of the adult Swiss population (N = 1860). We used education and income as proxies for SES; calculated the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) as a measure of diet quality; and used body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as obesity markers. We applied counterfactual mediation modelling to generate odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and the proportion mediated by diet quality. Individuals with less than a tertiary education were two to three times more likely to be obese, regardless of the marker (OR (95% CI): 3.36 (2.01, 5.66) using BMI; 2.44 (1.58, 3.75) using WC; 2.48 (1.63, 3.78) using WHR; and 2.04 (1.43, 2.96) using WHtR). The proportion of the association between educational level and obesity that was mediated by diet quality was 22.1% using BMI, 26.6% using WC, 31.4% using WHtR, and 35.8% using WHR. Similar findings were observed for income. Our findings suggest that diet quality substantially contributes to socioeconomic inequalities in obesity while it does not fully explain them. Focusing efforts on improving the diet quality of disadvantaged groups could help reduce social inequalities in obesity.

• 24 h dietary recall
• diet quality
• education
• income
• inequalities
• obesity
• socioeconomic status

• Adult
• Body Mass Index
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diet/standards
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Nutrition Surveys
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Obesity/etiology
• Social Class
• Switzerland/epidemiology
• Waist Circumference
• Waist-Height Ratio
• Waist-Hip Ratio

• body mass index
• cohort studies
• eating
• food addiction
• gray matter
• neuroimaging
• obesity

• dual-release hydrocortisone
• hepatic steatosis
• hypopituitarism
• insulin sensitivity
• secondary adrenal insufficiency

• Adipokines
• Cushing’s disease
• Diabetes mellitus
• Insulin sensitivity
• Pasireotide

• Adipokines/blood
• Adult
• Blood Glucose/drug effects
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Body Weight/drug effects
• Body Weight/physiology
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Hormones/administration & dosage
• Humans
• Injections, Subcutaneous
• Insulin/blood
• Insulin Resistance/physiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/blood
• Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/drug therapy
• Somatostatin/administration & dosage
• Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
• Treatment Outcome
• Young Adult

• android gynoid fat mass ratio
• cardiovascular outcomes
• central obesity
• dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry
• visceral adipose tissue

• Absorptiometry, Photon
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Atherosclerosis/epidemiology
• Body Composition
• Body Fat Distribution
• Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
• Coronary Disease/mortality
• Humans
• Incidence
• Intra-Abdominal Fat
• Male
• Multivariate Analysis
• Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology
• Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Stroke/epidemiology

• R01 HL070848 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL071194 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL070847 NHLBI NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000128 NCATS NIH HHS
• UL1 TR002369 NCATS NIH HHS
• U01 AG042145 NIA NIH HHS
• U01 AG042168 NIA NIH HHS
• R01 HL070841 NHLBI NIH HHS
• U01 AG027810 NIA NIH HHS
• R01 HL070837 NHLBI NIH HHS
• U01 AG042139 NIA NIH HHS
• U01 AR066160 NIAMS NIH HHS
• P30 DK079626 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 HL070842 NHLBI NIH HHS
• U01 AG042124 NIA NIH HHS
• U01 AG042140 NIA NIH HHS
• R01 HL070838 NHLBI NIH HHS

• adiponectin
• childhood obesity
• inflammation
• leptin
• physical exercise

• Abdominal obesity
• Apolipoproteins
• Body mass index
• Epidemiology
• Genetics
• Lipoproteins
• Non HDL-cholesterol
• Osteonecrosis
• Sickle cell disease
• Triglycerides

• Acute Chest Syndrome/blood
• Adult
• Anemia, Sickle Cell/blood
• Body Mass Index
• Case-Control Studies
• Female
• Guadeloupe
• Hemolysis
• Humans
• Lipids/blood
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Osteonecrosis/blood
• Retrospective Studies
• Vascular Diseases/blood

• Cardiovascular risk factors
• Insulin resistance
• Insulin secretion
• Type 1 diabetes
• c-Peptides

• Adiponectin/blood
• Adiponectin/deficiency
• Adiponectin/genetics
• Adiposity
• Adult
• Asian
• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Insulin Resistance/genetics
• Intra-Abdominal Fat/diagnostic imaging
• Intra-Abdominal Fat/pathology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed

• M01 RR000037 NCRR NIH HHS
• R01 DK031170 NIDDK NIH HHS
• P30 DK035816 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 HL049293 NHLBI NIH HHS
• P30 DK017047 NIDDK NIH HHS

The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of body adiposity index (BAI) as a convenient tool for assessing body fat percentage (BF%) in a sample of adults with overweight/obesity using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The study population was composed of 96 volunteers (60% female, mean age 40.6 ± 7.5 years old). Anthropometric characteristics (body mass index, height, waist-to-height ratio, hip and waist circumference), socioeconomic status, and diet were assessed, and BF% was measured by BIA-BF% and by BAI-BF%. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between BAI-BF% and BF% assessed by BIA-BF%, while controlling for potential confounders. The concordance between the BF% measured by both methods was obtained with a paired sample t-test, Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plot analysis. Overall, the correlation between BF% obtained by BIA-BF% and estimated by BAI-BF% was r = 0.885, p < 0.001, after adjusting for potential confounders (age, socioeconomic status, and diet). Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was moderate in both sexes. In the men, the paired t-test showed a significant mean difference in BF% between the methods (−5.6 (95% CI −6.4 to −4.8); p < 0.001). In the women, these differences were (−3.6 (95% CI −4.7 to −2.5); p < 0.001). Overall, the bias of the BAI-BF% was −4.8 ± 3.2 BF%; p < 0.001), indicating that the BAI-BF% method significantly underestimated the BF% in comparison with the reference method. In adults with overweight/obesity, the BAI presents low agreement with BF% measured by BIA-BF%; therefore, we conclude that BIA-BF% is not accurate in either sex when body fat percentage levels are low or high. Further studies are necessary to confirm our findings in different ethnic groups.

• adults
• body composition
• obesity
• prediction
• validity

• Adipose Tissue/physiology
• Adiposity
• Adult
• Body Mass Index
• Colombia/epidemiology
• Female
• Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/physiopathology
• Overweight/physiopathology
• Reproducibility of Results
• Waist Circumference
• Waist-Height Ratio

We recently showed that abdominal obesity measurements (waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) were inaccurate when performed by general practitioners (GPs). We hypothesise that measurement error could be even higher in overweight and obese patients due to difficulty in locating anatomical landmarks. We aimed to estimate GPs’ measurement error of general (weight, height and body mass index (BMI)) and abdominal obesity measurements across BMI subgroups.

This cross-sectional study involved 26 GPs in Geneva, Switzerland. They were asked to take measurements on 20 volunteers within their practice. Two trained research assistants repeated the measures after the GPs (“gold standard”). The proportion of measurement error was computed by comparing the GPs’ values (N = 509) to the average value of two measurements taken in turn by the research assistants and stratified by BMI subgroup (normal/underweight: <25 kg/m², overweight: 25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m², obese: ≥30 kg/m²).

General obesity measurements were less prone to measurement error than abdominal obesity measurements, regardless of the BMI subgroup. The proportions of error increased across BMI subgroups (except for height), and were particularly high for abdominal obesity measurements in obese patients.

Abdominal obesity measurements are particularly inaccurate when GPs use these measurements to assess overweight and obese patients. These findings add further strength to recommendations for GPs to favour use of general obesity measurements in daily practice, particularly when assessing overweight or obese patients.

• Anthropometric measurements
• Body mass index
• Measurement error
• Primary care

• High-sensitive CRP
• Insulin resistance
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Uric acid
• Visceral adiposity index
• Waist circumference

• Adiposity
• Adult
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Body Mass Index
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Inflammation/blood
• Inflammation/complications
• Inflammation/physiopathology
• Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
• Insulin/blood
• Insulin Resistance
• Male
• Obesity, Abdominal/blood
• Obesity, Abdominal/complications
• Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology
• Overweight/blood
• Overweight/complications
• Overweight/physiopathology
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/blood
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/physiopathology
• Prognosis
• Prospective Studies
• Waist Circumference
• Waist-Hip Ratio
• Young Adult

White adipose tissue (WAT) expands through hypertrophy (increased adipocyte size) and/or hyperplasia (increased adipocyte number). Hypertrophy has been associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia independently of body composition and fat distribution. In contrast, hyperplasia protects against metabolic alterations. Proanthocyanidins, which are the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet, improve metabolic disturbances associated with diet-induced obesity without reducing body weight or adiposity. The aim of this study was to determine whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can modulate WAT expandability. Because GSPE also contains gallic acid, we also studied the capacity of gallic acid to remodel WAT.

Male Wistar rats were fed a standard chow diet (n=6) or a cafeteria diet (CAF) for 11 weeks. After 8 weeks, the CAF-fed animals were supplemented with 25 mg GSPE/kg body weight (n=6), 7 mg gallic acid/kg body weight (n=6) or the vehicle (n=6) for 3 weeks. Histological analyses were performed in the retroperitoneal (rWAT) and inguinal (iWAT) WAT to determine adipocyte size and number. Specific markers for adipogenesis and WAT functionality were analysed in rWAT using quantitative RT-PCR.

GSPE or gallic acid supplementation did not reduce weight gain or reverse and adiposity. However, GSPE reduced adipocyte size significantly in rWAT and moderately in iWAT and tripled the adipocyte number in rWAT. Gallic acid slightly reduced adipocyte size in rWAT and iWAT and doubled the adipocyte number in both WATs. In accordance with this adipogenic activity, Pref-1 and PPARγ tended to be overexpressed in rWAT of rats supplemented with GSPE. Moreover, GSPE supplementation increased Plin1 and Fabp4 expression and restored adiponectin expression completely, indicating a better functionality of visceral WAT.

GSPE supplementation has anti-hypertrophic and hyperplasic activities in rats with established obesity, mainly in visceral WAT inducing a healthier expansion of WAT to match the surplus energy provided by the cafeteria diet.

• Adiposity
• Adult
• Colombia
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
• Physical Examination
• Young Adult

• Centre for Studies on Measurement of Physical Activity, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario

• Cushing syndrome comorbidities
• Cushing syndrome severity
• Degree of hypercortisolism
• Urinary free cortisol

• Adult
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Cushing Syndrome/blood
• Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis
• Cushing Syndrome/urine
• Dexamethasone
• Female
• Humans
• Hydrocortisone/blood
• Hydrocortisone/urine
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Severity of Illness Index
• Young Adult

• Aged
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Fasting/blood
• Female
• Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prediabetic State/blood
• Uric Acid/blood
• Waist Circumference/physiology

The body adiposity index (BAI) is a recent anthropometric measure proven to be valid in predicting body fat percentage (BF%) in some populations. However, the results have been inconsistent across populations. This study was designed to verify the validity of BAI in predicting BF% in a sample of overweight/obese adults, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as the reference method. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 48 participants (54% women, mean age 41.0 ± 7.3 years old). DEXA was used as the “gold standard” to determine BF%. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between BAI and BF%, as assessed by DEXA. A paired sample t-test was used to test differences in mean BF% obtained with BAI and DEXA methods. To evaluate the concordance between BF% as measured by DEXA and as estimated by BAI, we used Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman agreement analysis. The correlation between BF% obtained by DEXA and that estimated by BAI was r = 0.844, p < 0.001. Paired t-test showed a significant mean difference in BF% between methods (BAI = 33.3 ± 6.2 vs. DEXA 39.0 ± 6.1; p < 0.001). The bias of the BAI was −6.0 ± 3.0 BF% (95% CI = −12.0 to 1.0), indicating that the BAI method significantly underestimated the BF% compared to the reference method. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was considered stronger (ρc = 0.923, 95% CI = 0.862 to 0.957). In obese adults, BAI presented low agreement with BF% measured by DEXA; therefore, BAI is not recommended for BF% prediction in this overweight/obese sample studied.

• adults
• body composition
• obesity
• prediction
• validity

• Absorptiometry, Photon
• Adiposity/physiology
• Adult
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Overweight/diagnosis
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Reproducibility of Results

• Amino acids
• Developmental programming
• Muscle protein synthesis
• Myoblast
• Myofiber
• Myogenesis

• Animals
• Female
• Fetal Growth Retardation/physiopathology
• Fetus/pathology
• Humans
• Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
• Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
• Placental Insufficiency/physiopathology
• Pregnancy

• R01 DK088139 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 HD079404 NICHD NIH HHS
• K12 HD068372 NICHD NIH HHS
• UL1 TR001082 NCATS NIH HHS
• T32 HD007186 NICHD NIH HHS

• children and adolescents
• obesity
• percentile curves
• skinfold thickness

• Adiposity
• Adolescent
• Child
• Colombia/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Overweight/epidemiology
• Skinfold Thickness