Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular and kidney disease in Brazilian healthy preschool children

Table 1 Clinical, demographic and cardiovascular and renal risk factors in healthy preschool children and their mothers

	Children (n = 60)	Mothers (n = 56)
Clinical and demographic characteristic
Male	58.33%
Age (yr)	4.44 ± 1.01	32.5 ± 7.11
Gestational age at birth (wk)	38.72 ± 1.831
Birth weight (kg)	3.12 ± 0.601
Length at birth (cm)	49.83 ± 3.611
Breastfeeding duration (mo)	8.25 (4-21.50)
BMI/A z-score (children) and BMI (mothers)	0.30 (-0.55-1.33)	26.38 ± 5.07
Prehypertension systolic n (%)	11 (18.34)	1 (1.79)
Prehypertension diastolic n (%)	21 (35)	8 (14.29)
Overweight and obesity n (%)	7 (11.67)	35 (62.5)
Physical activity n (%)	8 (13.33)	8 (14.29)
Familial history of cardiovascular event n (%)		32 (57.14)
Marital status n (%)
Married or cohabiting		41 (73.21)
Divorced, single or widowed		15 (26.79)
Education (> 8 yr of schooling)		38 (67.86)
Occupation (working outside the home)		42 (75)
Income per capita (> 1 minimum wage)		13 (23.21)
Cardiovascular and renal risk factors n (%)
Total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL	2 (3.33)	10 (17.86)
LDL-c > 130 mg/dL	3 (5)	8 (14.29)
HDL-c < 35 mg/dL	9 (15)	7 (12.5)
Triglycerides > 150 mg/dL	2 (3.33)	6 (10.71)
Uric acid > 7 mg/dL	0 (0)	0 (0)
Albuminuria > 30 mcg/mg of creatinine	2 (3.33)	2 (3.57)

¹Mean ± SD. BMI/A: Body mass index for age; CV: Cardiovascular; Minimum wage: BRZ $51000; n: Number of observations; LDL-c: Low density lipoprotein; HDL-c: High density lipoprotein.

Table 2 Comparing the laboratory parameters of preschool children with overweight/obesity (C1) and without overweight/obesity (C2) and mothers with overweight/obesity (M1) and without overweight/obesity (M2)

	Children (n = 60)			Mothers (n = 56)
	C1	C2	P	M1	M2	P
Uric acid (mg/dL)	2.8 (2.0-3.2)	3 (2.5-3.0)	NS	4.8 (3.1-4.9)	3.7 (3.0-4.3)	NS
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	166 (119-167)	155 (136-169)	NS	169 (145-189)	163 (133.5-190.8)	NS
HDL-c (mg/dL)	40 (37-45)	49 (42.5-57.5)	NS	52 (45-58)	49.5 (43-57.5)	NS
LDL-c (mg/dL)	92 (57-116)	87 (76-103)	NS	103 (81-123)	94 (73.5-114)	NS
VLDL-c (mg/dL)	14 (9-18)	13 (9.5-18)	NS	14 (11-19)	16 (10-24)	NS
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	72 (45-91)	65 (47.5-92)	NS	69 (53-97)	83 (50-120.5)	NS
Albuminuria1	5.0 (2-10.37)	5.0 (3.17-10.56)	NS	3 (1.9-3.9)	4.01 (2.99-6.0)	NS
Estimated creatinine clearance2 (mL/min per 1.73 m2)	143.7 (123.2-151.9)	129.8 (118-144.4)	NS	-	-	-
CrCl3	-	-	-	111.4 (105.1-131.2)	109.9 (93.5-147.3)	NS
Glucose (mg/dL)	75 (70-85)	82 (77-85)	NS	84 (79-93)	84 (79-89)	NS
Albumin (g/dL)	4.3 (4.2-4.5)	4.4 (4.3-4.7)	NS	4.3 (3.9-4.4)	4.4 (4.3-4.5)	NS
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)	13.1 (12.8-14.25)	12.7 (12.15-13.1)	0.03	13.6 (13-14.7)	13.4 (12.7-13.9)	NS

¹mcg/mg creatinine;

²Estimated creatinine clearance, Schwartz’s formula mL/min per 1.73 m²;

³Estimated creatinine clearance through Cockcroft-Gault’s formula in mL/min per 1.73 m². Median, 1^st and 3^rd quartiles for all variables; Mann-Whitney U test. LDL-c: Low density lipoprotein; HDL-c: High density lipoprotein; VLDL-c: Very low density lipoproteins; NS: Not significant; CrCl: Creatinine clearance.

Table 3 Correlation between the consumption of risk and protection foods for cardiovascular disease between mothers and preschool children

Variables		P	r
Foods associated with risk
Frequency consumption	1/wk	0.079	0.516
	4 times/wk	0.049	0.516
	Daily	0.000008	0.892
Foods associated with protection
Frequency consumption	1/wk	0.218	0.429
	4 times/wk	0.946	-0.031
	Daily	0.009	0.796

P < 0.05: Spearman’s correlation test.