Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Nephrol. Dec 25, 2024; 13(4): 100087
Published online Dec 25, 2024. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v13.i4.100087
Table 1 Characteristics of all patients (n = 75), n (%)
Variables
Frequency or mean ± SD (range)
Age31.52 ± 11.70 (18-59)
Age category
18-24 years30 (40.0)
≥ 25 years45 (60.0)
Sex
Male32 (42.7)
Female43 (57.3)
Clinical syndrome
Nephritic syndrome60 (80)
Nephrotic syndrome15 (20)
Biopsy date
Before COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2019)33 (44.0)
20171 (1.3)
201814 (18.7)
201918 (24.0)
During COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022)42 (56.0)
20201 (1.3)
202120 (26.7)
202221 (28.0)
Creatinine (mg/dL)1.13 ± 0.73 (0.32-3.81)
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)19.40 ± 14.99 (5.10-80.70)
Epidermal growth factor receptor (mL/minute/1.73 m2)99.59 ± 62.95 (14.32-369.77)
Albumin (g/dL)2.75 ± 1.03 (1.03-4.92)
Lipid profile
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)318.53 ± 150.48 (129-761)
Low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (mg/dL)222.81 ± 125.08 (69-617)
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)54.36 ± 18.93 (23-130)
Triglyceride (mg/dL)235.66 ± 124.20 (71-590)
Histopathology
Chronic glomerulonephritis4 (5.3)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 8 (10.7)
Global glomerulosclerosis5 (6.7)
Glomerulopathy3 (4.0)
IgA nephropathy4 (5.3)
Lupus nephritis25 (33.3)
Class I3 (4.0)
Class II4 (5.3)
Class III7 (9.3)
Class IV11 (14.7)
Minimal change disease20 (26.7)
Nephrosclerosis1 (1.3)
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis1 (1.3)
Tubulointerstitial nephritis2 (2.7)
Normal2 (2.7)
Table 2 Histopathology results stratified by sexes, n (%)
Histopathology
Female (n = 43)
Male (n = 32)
P value
Chronic glomerulonephritis1 (2.3)3 (9.4)0.307
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis4 (9.3)4 (12.5)0.717
Global glomerulosclerosis3 (7.0)2 (6.3)1.000
Glomerulopathy1 (2.3)2 (6.3)0.572
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy2 (4.7)2 (6.3)1.000
Lupus nephritis18 (41.7)7 (21.9)0.069
Class I2 (4.7)1 (3.1)0.805
Class II2 (4.7)2 (6.3)1.000
Class III6 (14.0)1 (3.1)0.227
Class IV8 (18.6)3 (9.4)0.335
Minimal change disease11 (25.6)9 (28.1)1.000
Nephrosclerosis1 (2.3)0 (0)1.000
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis1 (2.3)0 (0)1.000
Tubulointerstitial nephritis1 (2.3)1 (3.1)1.000
Normal0 (0)2 (6.3)0.179
Total43 (57.3)32 (42.7)
Table 3 Histopathology results stratified by age categories, n (%)
Histopathology
Age < 25 years old (n = 30)
Age ≥ 25 years old (n = 45)
P value
Chronic glomerulonephritis0 (0)4 (10.5)0.145
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis3 (10.0)5 (11.1)1.000
Global glomerulosclerosis1 (3.3)4 (8.9)0.642
Glomerulopathy3 (10.0)0 (0)0.060
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy1 (3.3)3 (6.7)0.646
Lupus nephritis8 (26.7)17 (37.8)0.317
Class I1 (3.3)2 (4.4)1.000
Class II1 (3.3)3 (6.7)0.646
Class III3 (10.0)4 (8.9)1.000
Class IV3 (10.0)8 (17.8)0.509
Minimal change disease11 (36.7)9 (20.0)0.110
Nephrosclerosis1 (3.3)0 (0)0.400
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis1 (3.3)0 (0)0.400
Tubulointerstitial nephritis1 (3.3)1 (2.2)1.000
Normal0 (0)2 (4.4)0.514
Total30 (40)45 (60)
Table 4 Histopathology results stratified by clinical syndromes, n (%)
Histopathology
Nephritic syndrome (n = 60)
Nephrotic syndrome (n = 15)
P value
Chronic glomerulonephritis3 (5.0)1 (6.7)1.000
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis6 (10.0)2 (13.3)0.657
Global glomerulosclerosis4 (6.7)1 (6.7)1.000
Glomerulopathy3 (5.0)0 (0)1.000
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy3 (5.0)1 (6.7)1.000
Lupus nephritis22 (36.7)3 (20)0.221
Class I3 (5.0)0 (0)1.000
Class II4 (6.7)0 (0)0.578
Class III5 (8.3)2 (13.3)0.622
Class IV10 (16.7)1 (6.7)0.445
Minimal change disease14 (23.3)6 (40)0.207
Nephrosclerosis1 (1.7)0 (0)1.000
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis1 (1.7)0 (0)1.000
Tubulointerstitial nephritis2 (3.3)0 (0)1.000
Normal1 (1.7)1 (6.7)0.362
Total60 (80)15 (20)
Table 5 Histopathology results stratified by biopsy dates relative to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, n (%)
Histopathology
Before COVID-19 pandemic (n = 33)
During COVID-19 pandemic (n = 42)
P value
Chronic glomerulonephritis0 (0)4 (9.5)0.126
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis4 (21.1)4 (9.5)0.725
Global glomerulosclerosis4 (12.1)1 (2.4)0.163
Glomerulopathy0 (0.0)3 (7.1)0.251
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy2 (6.1)2 (4.8)1.000
Lupus nephritis6 (18.2)19 (45.2)0.014
Class I1 (3.0)2 (4.8)1.000
Class II0 (0.0)4 (9.5)0.126
Class III1 (3.0)6 (14.3)0.126
Class IV4 (12.1)7 (16.7)0.746
Minimal change disease14 (42.4)6 (14.3)0.006
Nephrosclerosis1 (3.0)0 (0.0)0.440
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis0 (0.0)1 (2.4)1.000
Tubulointerstitial nephritis1 (3.0)1 (2.4)1.000
Normal1 (3.0)1 (2.4)1.000
Total33 (44.0)42 (56.0)