Confounding risk factors and preventative measures driving nephrolithiasis global makeup

Figure 1 World map projection of obesity prevalence. Red countries are countries with high prevalence of obesity; orange countries have an either a greater than 40% of obese population of obese + overweight population; and yellow countries have lower prevalence of obesity. Obesity defined as measurement of body mass index ≥ 30. Data retrieved from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization.

Figure 2 World map projection of animal protein consumption. Protein retrieved from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. High protein intake countries are red; moderate protein intake countries are orange; and low protein intake countries are yellow. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country. Reproduced with permission.

Figure 3 World map annual temperature projection. Annual mean temperature (°F) data estimate of countries. Color spectrum correlates to estimated annual temperature. Data retrieved from: The Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Figure 4 Proposed risk factor percentage distribution for diet, lifestyle and environment. Percentage was determined upon literature review. Lifestyle and diet were the more influential factors for the United States than the world. The environment percentage was about the same for both the United States and the rest of the world.

Figure 5 Projected world map of magnitude of nephrolithiasis prevalence. Magnitude of nephrolithiasis in each country using conglomeration of risk factor indicators dietary intake, obesity, and climate. Degree of prevalence is color coded in red (high prevalence), orange (moderate prevalence), and yellow (low prevalence). High prevalence information obtained through Romero et al[82].