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World J Nephrol. Nov 24, 2018; 7(7): 129-142
Published online Nov 24, 2018. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v7.i7.129
Confounding risk factors and preventative measures driving nephrolithiasis global makeup
Samuel Shin, Aneil Srivastava, Nazira A Alli, Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
Samuel Shin, Aneil Srivastava, Nazira A Alli, Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay, Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, United States
Aneil Srivastava, Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
Author contributions: Shin S, Srivastava A and Alli NA generated the figures and the tables; Alli NA contributed to the initial concept; Shin S and Srivastava A wrote the manuscript; Bandyopadhyay BC wrote the manuscript and designed overall the aim of the manuscript.
Supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, No. DK102043 (to Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay); and National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, No. EB021483 (to Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay).
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no financial or non-financial conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay, BSc, MSc, PhD, Director, Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, United States. bidhan.bandyopadhyay@va.gov
Telephone: +1-202-7458622 Fax: +1-202-4622006
Received: August 1, 2018
Peer-review started: August 1, 2018
First decision: August 8, 2018
Revised: September 10, 2018
Accepted: October 9, 2018
Article in press: October 9, 2018
Published online: November 24, 2018
Core Tip

Core tip: We analyzed diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environment, four categorical risk factors that play major roles in the contribution of nephrolithiasis. Calcium stones and lifestyle factor obesity had a significant link; dietary factor of high protein and low intake of negative regulators increased the risk; and environmental factor of climate had a relatively high correlation to nephrolithiasis. Together, a model was formed to map a prevalence of nephrolithiasis of the world.