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World J Nephrol. Mar 6, 2016; 5(2): 139-146
Published online Mar 6, 2016. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i2.139
Published online Mar 6, 2016. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i2.139
Major comorbid disease processes associated with increased incidence of acute kidney injury
Salwa Farooqi, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University and St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
Jeffrey G Dickhout, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
Author contributions: Both authors equally contributed in the synthesis of this paper.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this manuscript.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Jeffrey G Dickhout, PhD, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada. jdickhou@stjosham.on.ca
Telephone: +1-905-5221155 Fax: +1-905-5406589
Received: September 12, 2015
Peer-review started: September 13, 2015
First decision: November 7, 2015
Revised: November 23, 2015
Accepted: January 27, 2016
Article in press: January 29, 2016
Published online: March 6, 2016
Peer-review started: September 13, 2015
First decision: November 7, 2015
Revised: November 23, 2015
Accepted: January 27, 2016
Article in press: January 29, 2016
Published online: March 6, 2016
Core Tip
Core tip: In order to prevent, diagnose, and prophylactically treat patients, healthcare providers must identify co-morbidities that significantly increase the likelihood of acute kidney injury (AKI). Any treatments that compromise cardiac output, renal perfusion pressure, and glomerular hemodynamics risk ischemic injury to the kidney. The innate and adaptive immune responses, which are activated by renal epithelial cell necrosis contribute to the progression of AKI. These factors have been shown to be enhanced in diabetes, cancer, cardiac surgery and human immunodeficiency virus acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients.