Copyright
©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Kidney regeneration: Where we are and future perspectives
Joao Paulo Zambon, Renata S Magalhaes, Inkap Ko, Christina L Ross, Giuseppe Orlando, Andrea Peloso, Anthony Atala, James J Yoo, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, North Carolina, NC 27104, United States
Joao Paulo Zambon, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Andrea Peloso, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia and University of Pavia, 27103 Pavia, Italy
Author contributions: All authors contributed to this paper.
Correspondence to: Joao Paulo Zambon, MD, PhD, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 170 Exeter Court, North Carolina, NC 27104, United States. jp-zambon@uol.com.br
Telephone: +1-336-6924880
Received: April 18, 2014
Revised: June 27, 2014
Accepted: July 25, 2014
Published online: August 6, 2014
Processing time: 184 Days and 17.7 Hours
Revised: June 27, 2014
Accepted: July 25, 2014
Published online: August 6, 2014
Processing time: 184 Days and 17.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: In 2012, about 16487 people received kidney transplants in the United States, whereas 95022 candidates were on the waiting list by the end of the year. Despite advances in renal transplant immunology, 20% of recipients will experience an episode of acute rejection within 5 years of transplantation, and approximately 40% of recipients will die or lose graft function within 10 years. The aim of this paper is to describe a reasonable approach for kidney regeneration and review the current literature regarding possible cell sources and mechanisms to develop a bioengineering kidney.