Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Pathogenesis, transmission and public health challenges

Table 1 Different types of viral haemorrhagic fevers and causative agents

Family	Causative virus	Disease	Symptoms	Treatment
Arenaviridae	Lassa virus	Lassa fever	Fever, weakness, and haemorrhage	Supportive care and ribavirin
	Junin virus	Argentine haemorrhagic fever	Fever, malaise, and haemorrhage	Supportive care
	Chapare virus	Chapare hemorrhagic fever	Fever, malaise, headache, vomiting and diarrhoea	Supportive care and early diagnosis
	Guanarito virus	Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever	Confusion, convulsions, coma, and bleeding from body orifices	No specific anti-viral treatment is available
	Lujo virus	Lujo hemorrhagic fever	Fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, arthralgia, and myalgia	Supportive care
	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis	Fever (38.5 °C to 40 °C), malaise, myalgia, retro-orbital headache, photophobia, and anorexia	Supportive care and ribavirin
	Machupo virus	Bolivian hemorrhagic fever	Fever, malaise, fatigue headache, dizziness, myalgias, and severe lower back pain	Supportive care
	Sabia virus	Brazilian hemorrhagic fever	High fever, fatigue, maculopapular/petechial rash bleeding and haemorrhage	Supportive care and ribavirin antiviral drug
Bunyaviridae	Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus	Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever	Fever, myalgia, and haemorrhage	Supportive care and ribavirin
	Hantan virus	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	Fever, muscle pain, and pulmonary edema	Supportive care
	Dobrava-Belgrade virus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, and blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
	Seoul virus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, and blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
	Puumalavirus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, and blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
	Rift Valley fever virus	Rift Valley fever	Transient fever, headache, severe muscle and joint pain, photophobia and anorexia	Drugs like Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen
	Saaremaa virus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, and blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
	Sin nombre virus	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	Fever, muscle pain, and pulmonary edema	Intubation and oxygen therapy, fluid replacement and use of medications to support blood pressure
	Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome virus	Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome	Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, multiple organ failure, thrombocytopenia, and leucopoenia elevated liver enzyme levels	Intravenous ribavirin
	Tula virus	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Intense headache, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, and blurred vision	Supportive therapy, renal dialysis. Treatment with ribavirin
Filoviridae	Bundibugyo ebola virus	Ebola virus disease	Fever, severe hemorrhage, and organ failure	Supportive care and experimental treatments
	Marburg marburg virus	Marburg haemorrhagic fever	Fever, severe hemorrhage, and organ failure	Supportive care and experimental treatments
	Sudan ebola virus	Ebola virus disease	Sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney, and liver functions	Monoclonal antibodies like Inmazeb and Ebanga
	Tai forest ebola virus	Ebola virus disease	Sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney, and liver	Monoclonal antibodies like Inmazeb and Ebanga
	Zaire ebola virus	Ebola virus disease	Sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney, and liver functions	Monoclonal antibodies like Inmazeb and Ebanga
Flaviviridae	Dengue virus	Dengue fever	Fever, rash, and haemorrhage	Supportive care and fluids
	Kyasanur forest disease virus	Kyasanur forest disease	Sudden onset of chills, fever, and headache	Supportive treatment with maintenance of proper hydration and circulation by transfusion of IV fluids
	Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus	Omsk hemorrhagic fever	Fever, headache, myalgia, cough, petechial rash or bruises	Supportive care
	Yellow fever virus	Yellow fever	Fever, chills, headache, back pain, vomiting, and fatigue	Rest, hydration and seek medical advice