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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Virol. Jul 25, 2021; 10(4): 168-181
Published online Jul 25, 2021. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i4.168
Published online Jul 25, 2021. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i4.168
Table 1 Comparison patients’ demographic for total admitted patients with/without Bacterial or fungal coinfections
Total admitted patients (COVID with clinical suspicion of sepsis) | Patients without coinfection (negative bacterial culture) | Patients with coinfection (positive bacterial culture) | P value | |
n (%) | 1380 | 1119 (81.1) | 261 (18.9) | < 0.0001 |
Male/female | 0.92 | 0.87 | 1.13 | > 0.05 |
Bahraini/non-Bahraini | 2.80 | 2.70 | 3.10 | > 0.05 |
Mean age (yr) ± SD | 50.2 ± 18.1 | 48.4 ± 17.6 | 58.5 ± 18.7 | < 0.0001 |
Death | 159 (11.5%) | 48 (4.30%) | 111 (42.5%) | < 0.0001 |
Recurrences | 5 (0.36%) | 3 (0.27%) | 2 (0.77%) | > 0.05 |
Table 2 Comparison patients’ demographics and microbial profile for patients with gram-positive and gram-negative Bacteria and mixed infections
Gram + ve coinfection | Gram-ve coinfection | Mixed coinfection | Candida | P value1 | P value2 | P value3 | |
n (%) | 136 (54) | 115 (46) | 82 (23.8) | 115 (46) | > 0.05 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Male/female | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.74 | 0.88 | > 0.05 | > 0.05 | > 0.05 |
Bahraini/non-Bahraini | 2.50 | 3.10 | 1.90 | 2.10 | > 0.05 | > 0.05 | > 0.05 |
Mean age (yr) ± SD | 57.7 ± 18.2 | 60 ± 18.2 | 64.3 ± 14.3 | 63.4 ± 16.4 | > 0.05 | < 0.01a | < 0.05 |
Death | 39 (28.7%) | 61 (53%) | 62 (75.6%) | 81 (70.4%) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.01 |
HA infection | 78 (57.3%) | 86 (75%) | 79 (96%) | 97 (84.3%) | < 0.001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Table 3 Microbiological profile in the admitted patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 during the study period (472 isolates)
Type of the organism | Number | % of MDR | ||||
Gram Negative Isolates (164) | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Total | 39 | 97.4 | ||
ESBL | 11 | |||||
CRE | 27 | |||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Total | 38 | 26.3 | |||
CRP | 8 | |||||
MDR | 2 | |||||
Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | 36 | 100 | ||||
Escherichia coli | Total | 28 | 68 | |||
ESBL | 11 | |||||
CRE | 8 | |||||
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 12 | 0 | ||||
Enterobacter cloacae | Total | 2 | 100 | |||
CRE | 2 | |||||
Other | 9 | 0 | ||||
Total G-ve isolates | 164 | 59 | ||||
Total G-ve MDR strains | 97 | |||||
Gram positive isolates (164) | Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) | Staphylococcus hominis | Total | 31 | 58 | |
MRCoNS | 18 | |||||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | Total | 25 | 78.6 | |||
MRCoNS | 22 | |||||
Staphylococcus heemolyticus | MRCoNS | 18 | 100 | |||
Staphylococcus capitis | Total | 10 | 50 | |||
MRCoNS | 5 | |||||
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi | MRCoNS | 1 | 100 | |||
Total CoNS | Total | 85 | 75.3 | |||
MRCoNS | 64 | |||||
Enterococcus faecium | Total | 24 | 16.6 | |||
VRE | 3 | |||||
HLGR | 1 | |||||
Enterococcus faecalis | Total | 20 | 5.0 | |||
HLGR | 1 | |||||
Staphylococcus aureus | Total | 15 | 53.3 | |||
MRSA | 8 | |||||
Others | 20 | |||||
Total G + ve isolates | 164 | 47 | ||||
Total G + ve MDR Strains | 77 | |||||
Fungal isolates(144) | Fungaemia | Candida galabrata | 11 | |||
Candida tropicalis | 9 | |||||
Candida albicans | 7 | |||||
Aspergillus fumigatus | 3 | |||||
Candida parapsilosis | 3 | |||||
Aspergillus niger | 3 | |||||
Total | 36 | |||||
Candida species | 108 | |||||
Total fungal isolates | 144 | |||||
Total number of the microbial isolates | 472 | 36.9 | ||||
Total number of mdr bacterial strains | 174 |
Table 4 Comparison between the community and hospital acquired infections and their microbiologic profile from coronavirus disease 2019 confirmed patients (total isolates 472)
Character | HA infection | CA infection | P value | ||||
Patient number (total 261) 22 patients has both HA and CA | 185 (70.8%) | 98 (37.5%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Age | 60.8 ± 16.8 | 54. ± 20.6 | < 0.01 | ||||
Male: Female | 0.85 | 0.80 | > 0.05 | ||||
Bharani | 137 (74%) | 71 (72.4%) | > 0.05 | ||||
Death | 102 (55%) | 23 (23.5%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Gram negative isolates (164) | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Total | 30 | 9 | |||
ESBL | 11 | 0 | |||||
CRE | 15 | 2 | |||||
Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | 29 | 7 | |||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Total | 28 | 10 | ||||
CRP | 6 | 2 | |||||
MDR | 2 | 2 | |||||
Escherichia coli | Total | 13 | 15 | ||||
ESBL | 6 | 6 | |||||
CRE | 5 | 2 | |||||
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 11 | 1 | |||||
Enterobacter cloacae | Total | 2 | 0 | ||||
CRE | 1 | 0 | |||||
Others | 8 | 1 | |||||
Total number of the G-ve isolates (164) | 121 (73.8%) | 43 (26.2%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Number of G-ve resistant Strains | 75 (62%) | 21(48.8%) | > 0.05 | ||||
% from total Resistant strains (96) | 78.1% | 21.9% | < 0.0001 | ||||
Gram positive isolates (164) | Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) | Staphylococcus epidermidis | Total | 19 | 6 | ||
MRCoNS | 18 | 4 | |||||
Staphylococcus haemolyticus | MRCoNS | 14 | 4 | ||||
Staphylococcus hominis | Total | 12 | 19 | ||||
MRCoNS | 6 | 13 | |||||
Staphylococcus capitis | Total | 5 | 5 | ||||
MRCoNS | 5 | 0 | |||||
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi | MRCoNS | 1 | 0 | ||||
Total CoNS | Total | 41 (40.6%) | 31 (49.2%) | > 0.05 | |||
MRCoNS | 37 (90%) | 21 (67.7%) | < 0.05 | ||||
Enterococcus faecium | Total | 17 | 7 | ||||
VRE | 2 | 1 | |||||
HLGR | 1 | 0 | |||||
Enterococcus faecalis | Total | 16 | 4 | ||||
HLGR | 1 | 0 | |||||
Staphylococcus aureus | Total | 8 | 8 | ||||
MRSA | 3 | 5 | |||||
Others | 9 | 10 | |||||
Total number of the G + ve isolates (164) | 101 (61.6%) | 63 (38.4%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Number of G + ve resistant strains | 51 (50.5%) | 27 (42.9%) | > 0.05 | ||||
% from total Resistant strains (78) | 65.4% | 34.6% | < 0.0001 | ||||
Fungal isolates (144) | Candida galabrata | 11 | 0 | ||||
Candida albicans | 7 | 0 | |||||
Candida tropicalis | 9 | 0 | |||||
Candida parapsilosis | 3 | 0 | |||||
Aspergillus fumigatus | 3 | 0 | |||||
Aspergillus niger | 3 | 0 | |||||
Total | 36 | 0 | |||||
Candida species | 95 | 13 | |||||
Total fungal isolates (144) | 131 (91%) | 13 (9%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Total microbial isolates (472) | 353 (74.8%) | 119 (25.2%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Total number of resistant bacterial strains | 126 (35.7%) | 48 (40.3%) | > 0.05 | ||||
Percentage from total resistant bacterial strains (174) | 72.4% | 27.6% | < 0.0001 |
- Citation: Saeed NK, Al-Khawaja S, Alsalman J, Almusawi S, Albalooshi NA, Al-Biltagi M. Bacterial co-infection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 in the Kingdom of Bahrain. World J Virol 2021; 10(4): 168-181
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v10/i4/168.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v10.i4.168