Innate and adaptive immune responses against picornaviruses and their counteractions: An overview

Figure 1 Time courses of viral excretion, viremia and of the antibody responses after infection with poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus. This figure schematically shows the mean duration and relative intensity of viral spread and the antibody responses against the viruses. PV: Poliovirus; CV: Coxsackievirus; HRV: Human rhinovirus; HAV: Hepatitis A virus; SIgA: Secretory IgA; sIgA: Serum IgA.

Figure 2 Interference of picornaviruses with the interferon system. This figure schematically shows the sites and effects of the interference of poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus with the interferon-β response. For more details we refer to the text. PV: Poliovirus; CV: Coxsackievirus; HRV: Human rhinovirus; HAV: Hepatitis A virus; IFN: Interferon; IRF: Interferon regulatory factor; ISGs: Interferon stimulated genes; MDA: Melanoma differentiation-associated gene; dsRNA: Double-stranded RNA; PKR: Protein kinase R; TLR: Toll-like receptor; MAVS: Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; ISRE: Interferon stimulated response element; OAS: Oligoadenylate synthetase; RIG-I: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I.