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©2012 Baishideng. All rights reserved.
Innate and adaptive immune responses against picornaviruses and their counteractions: An overview
Andreas Dotzauer, Leena Kraemer, Department of Virology, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Author contributions: Dotzauer A and Kraemer L contributed equally to writing and drafting the article.
Supported by The Tönjes-Vagt-Stiftung, Bremen, Germany
Correspondence to: Andreas Dotzauer, PhD, Professor of Virology, Department of Virology, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. dotzauer@uni-bremen.de
Telephone: +49-421-21863396 Fax: +49-421-2184266
Received: August 8, 2011
Revised: February 22, 2012
Accepted: May 20, 2012
Published online: June 12, 2012
Revised: February 22, 2012
Accepted: May 20, 2012
Published online: June 12, 2012
Abstract
Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate and adaptive, induced after infection, and the subsequent interactions of the viruses with the immune system. The defense mechanisms of the host and the countermeasures of the virus significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of the infections. Important human pathogens are poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus. These viruses are the best-studied members of the family, and in this review we want to present the major aspects of the reciprocal effects between the immune system and these viruses.
Keywords: Picornaviruses and infection, Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus, Human rhinovirus, Hepatitis A virus, Adaptive immune system, Innate immune system, Antibody response and inflammation, Apoptosis, Interferon and cytokines