Plant-based vaccines against viral hepatitis: A panoptic review

Abstract

The traditional vaccines against hepatitis have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of some types of viral hepatitis; however, the need for cost-effective, easily distributable, and needle-free vaccine alternatives has led to the exploration of plant-based vaccines. Plant-based techniques offer a promising avenue for producing viral hepatitis vaccines due to their low-cost cultivation, scalability, and the potential for oral administration. This review highlights the successful expression of hepatitis B surface antigens in plants and the subsequent formation of virus-like particles, which have shown immunogenicity in preclinical and clinical trials. The challenges such as achieving sufficient antigen expression levels, ensuring consistent dosing, and navigating regulatory frameworks, are addressed. The review considers the potential of plant-based vaccines to meet the demands of rapid vaccine deployment in response to outbreaks and their role in global immunization strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings. This review underscores the significant strides made in plant molecular farming and the potential of plant-based vaccines to complement existing immunization methods against viral hepatitis.

Keywords: Plant-based therapeutics; Plant vaccines; Edible vaccines; Viral hepatitis; Phytopharmacology and molecular pharming

Core Tip: The review article “Plant-based vaccines against viral hepatitis” explores the innovative approach of using plant-based systems to produce vaccines for viral hepatitis, particularly focusing on hepatitis B and C. Past and recent articles were identified and highlighted using MeSH terminologies on platforms such as PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Research Gate.