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Khare S, Kushwaha R, Kumar A, Venkatesh V, Reddy HD, Jain M, Yusuf M, Singh US. Prothrombotic state in HIV: A study on protein C, protein S, homocysteine and correlation with CD4 counts. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:201-206. [PMID: 30084411 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_15_414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may result in variable haematological manifestations. Thrombotic events are more common among HIV-infected persons than the general population, possibly due to the increased inflammatory/hypercoagulable state and presence of concurrent comorbidities. Aims and Objectives (1) Screen for coagulation abnormalities in HIV-infected patients. (2) Detect certain prothrombotic factors such as deficiency of protein C and protein S and elevation of homocysteine as possible precursors of coagulation defects in HIV patients. (3) Correlation of coagulation abnormalities with CD4 counts. Methods A pilot study of 1-year duration conducted in the Department of Pathology in collaboration with ART centre, KGMU Lucknow. All diagnosed HIV-seropositive patients (n = 30) who were not taking Vitamin K, antithrombotic and antiplatelet drugs including aspirin, oral contraceptives and not having known protein C/S deficiency were included in the present study as cases. Apart from this, 30 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were also included in the present study. Assessment of the bleeding time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, complete blood count was done. Protein C and S were measured by calorimetric assay. Serum homocysteine was measured by the semi-automated method. CD4 count was done by flow cytometry. Results The findings of the present study suggest a relationship between HIV, its complications and thrombosis. The HIV-seropositive patients have reduced levels of haemoglobin, CD4 counts, platelet counts, mean platelet volume, protein C and S activity as compared to the healthy individuals. Thrombophilic abnormality in the form of hyperhomocysteinaemia is more frequent in HIV-infected patients. All these parameters have a definite correlation with CD4 count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Khare
- Department of Pathology, K.G.M.U, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Kushwaha
- Department of Pathology, K.G.M.U, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pathology, K.G.M.U, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vimala Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, K.G.M.U, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Mili Jain
- Department of Pathology, K.G.M.U, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Yusuf
- Department of Pathology, K.G.M.U, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Roca B, Roca M, Girones G. Increased homocysteine plasma level is associated with shortened prothrombin time in HIV-infected patients. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2016; 17:218-23. [PMID: 27561455 DOI: 10.1080/15284336.2016.1220712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find factors associated with increased homocysteine plasma level in HIV-infected patients. METHODS Cross-sectional study, carried out as a supplementary task to the standard care of HIV-infected patients. The possible association of increased homocysteine plasma level with blood analyses results was assessed with a multiple linear regression analysis, using the automatic linear modeling available in SPSS version 22. RESULTS A total of 145 patients were included. Creatinine was higher than normal in 7 patients (5%), prothrombin time was shortened in 36 patients (25%), and a monoclonal gammopathy was detected in 2 patients (1%). In the regression analysis, an association was found between high homocysteine plasma level and the following variables: low prothrombin time (β coefficient -0.286, confidence interval -1.1854 to -0.754, p < 0.001), high creatinine (coefficient 9.926, confidence interval 6.351-15.246, p < 0.001), low folic acid (coefficient -0.331, confidence interval -0-483 to -0.187, p < 0.001), and low vitamin B12 (coefficient -0.007, confidence interval -0.01 to -0.001, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION An association was found between increased homocysteine plasma level and shortened prothrombin time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Roca
- a Medicine Department , Hospital General , Castellon , Spain
| | - Manuel Roca
- b Ophthalmology Department , Hospital Provincial , Castellon , Spain
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Osegbe ID, Soriyan OO, Ogbenna AA, Okpara HC, Azinge EC. Risk factors and assessment for cardiovascular disease among HIV-positive patients attending a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 23:206. [PMID: 27347295 PMCID: PMC4907765 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.23.206.7041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular risk factors are prevalent in HIV-positive patients which places them at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to determine the risk factors and risk assessment for CVD in HIV-positive patients with and without antiretroviral therapy. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of HIV-positive patients attending the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed; fasting lipid profile, plasma glucose, homocysteine and hsCRP were determined, as well as prevalences and risk assessments. Statistical tests were used to compare the groups and p-value <0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS 283 subjects were recruited for this study (100 HIV-positive treatment-naive, 100 HIV-positive treated and 83 HIV negative controls). Compared to the controls, mean (sd) values were significantly higher among HIV-treated subjects: waist circumference = 88.7 (10.4), p = 0.035; systolic bp= 124.9 (20.7), p = 0.014; glucose= 5.54 (1.7), p = 0.015; triglyceride= 2.0 (1.2), p < 0.001; homocysteine= 10.9 (8.9-16.2), p = 0.0003; while hsCRP= 2.9 (1.4-11.6), p = 0.002 and HDL-C = 0.9 (0.4), p = < 0.0001 were higher among the HIV-naïve subjects. Likewise, higher prevalences of the risk factors were noted among the HIV-treated subjects except low HDL-C (p < 0.001) and hsCRP (p = 0.03) which were higher in the HIV-naïve group. Risk assessment using ratios showed high risk for CVD especially in the HIV-naïve group. The median range for Framingham risk assessment was 1.0 - 7.5%. CONCLUSION Risk factors and risk assessment for CVD are increased in HIV-positive patients with and without antiretroviral therapy. Routine evaluation and risk assessment for CVD irrespective of therapy status is necessary to prevent future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeyinwa Dorothy Osegbe
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos state, Nigeria
| | | | - Abiola Ann Ogbenna
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos state, Nigeria
| | - Henry Chima Okpara
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Cross-Rivers state, Nigeria
| | - Elaine Chinyere Azinge
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos state, Nigeria
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Deminice R, Silva TCV, Oliveira VHFD. Elevated homocysteine levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis. World J Virol 2015; 4:147-155. [PMID: 25964880 PMCID: PMC4419119 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the association between the levels of homocysteine (Hcy), folate, vitamin B12 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who were treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not treated with ART.
METHODS: The PubMed and Scielo databases were searched. Eligible studies regarding plasma Hcy level in HIV-infected patients were firstly identified. After careful analysis by two independent researches, the identified articles were included in the review according to two outcomes (1) Hcy, folate and vitamin B12 blood concentration in HIV-infected subjects vs health controls and; (2) Hcy blood concentration in HIV-infected subjects under ART vs not treated with ART. RevMan (version 5.2) was employed for data synthesis.
RESULTS: A total of 12 studies were included in outcome 1 (1649 participants, 932 cases and 717 controls). Outcome 1 meta-analysis demonstrated higher plasma Hcy (2.05 µmol/L; 95%CI: 0.10 to 4.00, P < 0.01) and decreased plasma folate concentrations (-2.74 ng/mL; 95%CI: -5.18 to -0.29, P < 0.01) in HIV-infected patients compared to healthy controls. No changes in vitamin B12 plasma concentration were observed between groups. All studies included in the outcome 2 meta-analysis (1167 participants; 404 HIV-infected exposed to ART and 757 HIV-infected non-ART patients) demonstrated higher mean Hcy concentration in subjects HIV-infected under ART compared to non-ART HIV subjects (4.13 µmol/L; 95%CI: 1.34 to 6.92, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrated that the levels of Hcy and folate, but not vitamin B12, were associated with HIV infection. In addition, Hcy levels were higher in HIV-infected patients who were under ART compared to HIV-infected patients who were not exposed to ART. Our results suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia should be included among the several important metabolic disturbances that are associated with ART in patients with HIV infection.
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Kiasari AZ, Firouzian A, Baradari AG, Nia HS, Kiasari SHM. The Effect of Vitamin B12 Infusion on Prevention of Nitrous Oxide-induced Homocysteine Increase: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Oman Med J 2014; 29:194-7. [PMID: 24936269 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2014.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nitrous oxide is a common inhalation anesthetic agent in general anesthesia. While it is widely accepted as a safe anesthetic agent, evidence suggests exposure to this gas, leads to hyperhomocysteinemia. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of single-dose intravenous infusions of vitamin B12, before and after the induction of nitrous oxide anesthesia on homocysteine levels after the surgery. METHODS This double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 patients who were scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia, presumably lasting for more than two hours. The subjects were randomly allocated to three groups of 20. For the first group, vitamin B12 solution (1 mg/100 ml normal saline) and 100 ml of normal saline (placebo), were infused before and after the induction of anesthesia, respectively. The second group received placebo and vitamin B12 infusion before and after the induction of anesthesia, respectively. The third group received placebo infusions at both times. Homocysteine levels were measured before and 24 hours after the surgery. RESULTS The mean homocysteine and vitamin B12 levels were significantly different within the three groups (p<0.001). In patients who had been infused with vitamin B12 before the surgery, homocysteine levels were significantly lower than the other two groups. In the placebo group, homocysteine levels significantly increased after the surgery. CONCLUSION Nitrous oxide causes hyperhomocysteinemia after general anesthesia. Since vitamin B12 infusion is a safe and inexpensive method to decrease homocysteine levels in these patients, it may be recommended for patients undergoing nitrous oxide anesthesia to be used before induction of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alieh Zamani Kiasari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Firouzian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Afshin Gholipour Baradari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharif Nia
- Department of Nursing, Amol Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Plasma homocysteine levels in HIV-infected men with and without lipodystrophy. Nutrition 2013; 29:1326-30. [PMID: 24045000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipodystrophy syndrome is an unexpected clinical manifestation in patients infected with HIV and might be a clinical marker of increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Because hyperhomocysteinemia has been associated with CVD, the goal of the present study was to investigate homocysteine (Hcy) levels and their association with the factors of lipodystrophy syndrome in men with HIV. METHODS Hcy metabolism-related molecules were determined in 13 men infected with HIV with lipodystrophy (HIV+LIP), 10 men with HIV without lipodystrophy (HIV), and 10 healthy controls (C). RESULTS Significant (P < 0.05) increased Hcy plasma levels were found in HIV (20.5%) and in HIV+LIP (35.2%) compared with the control group. Plasma levels of vitamin B12 (HIV, 26.5%; HIV+LIP, 28.8%) and folate (HIV, 39.1% and HIV+LIP, 49.4%) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the two groups of HIV patients compared with control. HIV+LIP men presented raised plasma total sulfur-containing amino acids (20.1%) and lower total plasma thiol (11.3%) than controls. The same was not observed in the HIV group. Spearman's correlation test revealed significant (P < 0.05) association between plasma Hcy and duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and plasma insulin, as well as plasma adiponectin levels. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that HIV+LIP men were more susceptible to disturbances in Hcy metabolism compared with men infected with HIV without lipodystrophy characteristics. Duration of HAART treatment, elevated plasma insulin, and low levels of adiponectin seem to be relevant for the appearance of these Hcy metabolic disorders.
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