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Mayla AM, Mohamed WS, Zekri ARN, Gouda NA, Lotfy MM, Seadawy MG, Elgohary MAS, Abdallah ZF. Co-infections and Reactivation of some Herpesviruses (HHV) and Measles Virus (MeV) in Egyptian Cancer Patients infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2025; 37:19. [PMID: 40214827 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-025-00275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/19/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coinfections and reactivation of persistent or latent viral infections such as herpesviruses (HHV) and/or measles virus (MeV) have been reported among COVID-19 patients. However, there is limited information regarding cancer patients who experienced severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the interplay between SARS-CoV-2, HHV and MeV in cancer patients, aiming to provide insights into the pathophysiology of these infections and to enhance the patients' health outcomes. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted on 4 groups (n = 147): newly diagnosed cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 37), newly diagnosed cancer patients non-infected with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 13), apparently normal individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 82) and finally a normal control group (n = 15). All samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection using the real-rime quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Antibody responses were analyzed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and antibody levels were compared between patients and controls. Potential re-activation was investigated using fourfold (i.e. 400%) rise model criterion. RESULTS In all positive cases of SARS-CoV-2, recent infections or re-infection of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV1/2 or HHV1-2) were found to be significantly increased approximately three-fold higher in COVID-19 patients (p = 0.007) identified via pooled HSV1/2 IgM levels in plasma. Furthermore, reactivation of HSV1/2 was 29.7% in cancer/COVID-19 patients (n = 37) versus 0.0% of normal/COVID-19 group (n = 22) (p = 0.008). Likewise, Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) IgG levels showed a ≥ fourfold increase in 20% (p = 0.034) of cancer patients (n = 50) versus 4.9% of controls (n = 41) for reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4). Obviously, MeV IgG levels increased up to 78.0% in cancer patients (n = 50) versus 17.5% in non-cancerous group (n = 40, p < 0.001). Reactivation of MeV in cancer and COVID-19 patients was 43.2% versus 30.8% cancer non-COVID-19 group, 3.3% normal COVID-19, and 0.0% in healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 were at increased risk of HHV and MeV co-infection and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mayla
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Waleed S Mohamed
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nora A Gouda
- Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai M Lotfy
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Seadawy
- Biodefense Center for Infectious and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Defense, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Zeinab F Abdallah
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Başbulut E, Bilgin M, Işler H, Şen A, Kılıç SS, Çubukçu M. Analysis of Measles and Rubella Immunoglobulin G Titers in COVID-19 Patients. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:2789-2801. [PMID: 39558910 PMCID: PMC11572050 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s472872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study is to compare the measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) and rubella IgG levels in patient groups with mild and severe COVID-19 disease and reveal the possible relationship. Methods This study was conducted among COVID-19-confirmed patients over 18, under 65 years of age. This study involved 75 participants- divided into two groups. The first group usually comprised asymptomatic patients who did not require hospitalization (n=43), and the second group consisted of patients who had diffuse pneumonia on thoracic CT and required hospitalization (n=32). Results Anti-measles and anti-rubella IgG titers were detected to be higher in the group with severe disease compared to the group with mild disease (p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). The analyses were repeated by taking n=27 in Group 1 and n=27 in Group 2, which were similar in terms of age, gender and number. In the analysis performed without any age difference between the groups, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of Anti Measles IgG antibody titers (p=0.068). However, Anti Rubella antibody titers were found to be higher in the group with severe COVID-19 disease than in those with mild disease (p=0.03). Regardless of the severity of the disease, there was a positive correlation between Anti Rubella and Anti Measles IgG antibody titers and age (p=<0.001 Spearman's rho 0.517; p=0.008 Spearman's rho 0.304, respectively). Conclusion We believe that the pre-existing Anti-Rubella IgG antibodies in the patient may increase in parallel with the patient's viral load by recognizing the common macrodomain of SARS-CoV-2 and Rubella viruses. The common macrodomain of SARS-CoV-2 and Rubella viruses is also present in the attenuated rubella virus used in the MMR vaccine4. In this case, we predict that previously administered MMR vaccine may be protective for COVID-19 patients. disease compared to those with mild disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eşe Başbulut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Melek Bilgin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Hacer Işler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Şen
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Trabzon Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Sırrı Kılıç
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mahcube Çubukçu
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsun University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
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Najimi N, Tajount L, Regragui Z, Remz C, Ait-Lhaj-Mhand R, Kadi C, Belayachi L, Seghrouchni F, Nadia dakka, El Hassani RA, Elharti E, Oumzil H, Bakri Y. Pre-pandemic antibodies screening against SARS-CoV-2 and virus detection among children diagnosed with eruptive fevers. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2024; 38:3946320241260633. [PMID: 38836458 PMCID: PMC11155355 DOI: 10.1177/03946320241260633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibodies against the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (NP) proteins, as well as neutralizing antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Additionally, it aims to detect viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in pre-pandemic archival pediatric specimens collected before the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic spread on March 20th, 2020, in Morocco. The objective is to investigate the existence of pre-pandemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study, to analyze IgG antibody levels in a cohort of 106 pre-pandemic pediatric participants. Using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we measured the IgG levels against the S and NP proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we staged a competitive ELISA assay to evaluate the neutralizing capability of these antibodies. We used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to detect viral NP and ORF1ab genes of SARS-CoV-2 in oropharyngeal swabs. Moreover, we conducted on the same specimens a multiplexed RT-PCR to detect RNA of the most common 27 pathogens involved in lower respiratory tract infections. RESULTS Among the 106 serum samples, 13% (nn = =14) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using ELISA. Temporal analysis indicated varying IgG positivity levels across 2019. Neutralizing antibodies were found in 21% of the 28 samples analyzed, including two with high inhibition rates (93%). The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected using rRT-PCR in 14 samples. None of the samples tested positive for the other 27 pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract infections, using multiplexed RT-PCR. CONCLUSION Our study addresses the possibility, that COVID-19 infections occurred in Morocco before the recognized outbreak. On the other hand, some of the cases might reflect cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses or be influenced by previous viral exposures or vaccinations. Understanding these factors is crucial to comprehending pediatric immune responses to newly emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouhaila Najimi
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI Center for Research & Innovation, Rabat, Morocco and Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Latifa Tajount
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, Materials for Environment Team, ENSAM, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zakia Regragui
- Virology Department, Institut National d’Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chaimae Remz
- Virology Department, Institut National d’Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Chaimae Kadi
- Mohammed VI Center for Research & Innovation, Rabat, Morocco and Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences of Tetouan, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Lamiae Belayachi
- International University of Rabat (UIR), Faculty of Medicine, Centre de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (CreSS), Faculty of Medecine, Health Sciences Research Centre (CReSS), International University of Rabat (UIR), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fouad Seghrouchni
- Mohammed VI Center for Research & Innovation, Rabat, Morocco and Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Nadia dakka
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Center of Genomic of Human Pathologies Biology Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rabii Ameziane El Hassani
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Center of Genomic of Human Pathologies Biology Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Elmir Elharti
- Virology Department, Institut National d’Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham Oumzil
- Center of Genomic of Human Pathologies Biology Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine at Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Center of Genomic of Human Pathologies Biology Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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Rotulo GA, Palma P. Understanding COVID-19 in children: immune determinants and post-infection conditions. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:434-442. [PMID: 36879079 PMCID: PMC9987407 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 in children presents with milder clinical manifestations than in adults. On the other hand, the presence of a wide range of inflammatory manifestations, including multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), in the period after infection suggests a particular susceptibility of some children toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Both protective factors that prevent evolution to severe forms and risk factors for post-infectious conditions are likely to be found in age-related differences in the immune system. The prompt innate response with type I IFN production and the generation of neutralizing antibodies play a crucial role in containing the infection. The greater number of naive and regulatory cells in children helps to avoid the cytokine storm while the causes of the intense inflammatory response in MIS-C need to be elucidated. This review aims to analyze the main results of the recent literature assessing immune response to SARS-CoV-2 over the pediatric age group. We summarized such observations by dividing them into innate and acquired immunity, then reporting how altered immune responses can determine post-infectious conditions. IMPACT: The main immune markers of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in children are summarized in this review. This paper reports a broad overview of age-related differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and emerging post-infection conditions. A summary of currently available therapies for the pediatric age group is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy.
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Rassi CE, Zareef R, Honeini R, Latouf C, Bitar F, Arabi M. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: another COVID-19 sequel. Cardiol Young 2023; 33:1418-1428. [PMID: 37409933 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951123001579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion of the COVID-19 pandemic, the disease burden and its consequences on the paediatric population has been progressively recognised. Although COVID-19 infection in children presents as asymptomatic to mild illness, instances of hyperinflammation and multi-organ involvement following the viral infection have been described. This condition, known as the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), has gained a wide global attention. Despite the global efforts to uncover the disease characteristics and management, a clear pathogenesis and a unified treatment regimen have not been reached yet. This paper tackles the epidemiology of the MIS-C, discusses its suggested pathogenesis, drives through its varying clinical presentations, and evaluates the different treatment regimens employed in managing MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana Zareef
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rawan Honeini
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christelle Latouf
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Arabi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Ulbegi Polat H, Abaci I, Tas Ekiz A, Aksoy O, Oktelik FB, Yilmaz V, Tekin S, Okyar A, Oncul O, Deniz G. Therapeutic Effect of C-Vx Substance in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice Infected with SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11957. [PMID: 37569331 PMCID: PMC10418837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Vx is a bioprotective product designed to boost the immune system. This study aimed to determine the antiviral activity of the C-Vx substance against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The effect of C-Vx in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice against the SARS-CoV-2 virus was investigated. For this purpose, ten mice were separated into experimental and control groups. Animals were infected with SARS-CoV-2 prior to the administration of the product to determine whether the product has a therapeutic effect similar to that demonstrated in previous human studies, at a histopathological and molecular level. C-Vx-treated mice survived the challenge, whereas the control mice became ill and/or died. The cytokine-chemokine panel with blood samples taken during the critical days of the disease revealed detailed immune responses. Our findings showed that C-Vx presented 90% protection against the SARS-CoV-2 virus-infected mice. The challenge results and cytokine responses of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice matched previous scientific studies, demonstrating the C-Vx's antiviral efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hivda Ulbegi Polat
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli 41470, Türkiye; (H.U.P.); (I.A.); (A.T.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Irem Abaci
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli 41470, Türkiye; (H.U.P.); (I.A.); (A.T.E.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Türkiye
| | - Arzu Tas Ekiz
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli 41470, Türkiye; (H.U.P.); (I.A.); (A.T.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Ozge Aksoy
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli 41470, Türkiye; (H.U.P.); (I.A.); (A.T.E.); (O.A.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Betul Oktelik
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Türkiye;
| | - Vuslat Yilmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Türkiye;
| | - Saban Tekin
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34865, Türkiye;
| | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Türkiye;
| | - Oral Oncul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Türkiye;
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Türkiye;
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Salamony A, Shamikh Y, Amer K, Elnagdy T, Elnakib M, Yehia AA, Hassan W, Abdelsalam M. Are Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Antibodies Friends or Foes for Covid-19 Disease? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:15. [PMID: 37341786 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Many factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis and severity of COVID-19 pandemic. A wide variation in the susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection among different population, gender and age has been observed. Multiple studies investigated the relationship between the antibody's titre of previously vaccinated individuals and the susceptibility of coronavirus infection, to find a rapid effective therapy for this pandemic. This study focused on the association between measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) antibodies titre and the severity of COVID-19 infection. We aimed to investigate the correlation between the antibody's titre of MMR and the SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility and disease severity, in a cohort of COVID-19 Egyptian patients, compared to a control group. MMR antibody titre was measured using enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay; (ELISA) for 136 COVID-19 patients and 44 healthy individuals, as control group. There were high levels of measles and mumps antibodies titer in the deteriorating cases, which could not protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the rubella antibodies might protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection, but once the infection occurs, it may aggravate the risk of case deterioration. MMR antibodies could be used as a guideline for COVID-19 symptom-severity and, in turn, may be considered as an economic prognostic marker used for early protection from multiple autoimmune organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Salamony
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology, Central Public Health Laboratories, CPHL, Ministry of Health, Cairo, 11613, Egypt
| | - Yara Shamikh
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology, Central Public Health Laboratories, CPHL, Ministry of Health, Cairo, 11613, Egypt
| | - Khaled Amer
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Tarek Elnagdy
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Elnakib
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Abd Allah Yehia
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Wael Hassan
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdelsalam
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt.
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Shrivastava J, Narang M, Ahmed RS, Das S, Gomber S. Serological Response to COVID-19 and Its Association With Measles-Rubella (MR)-Containing Vaccines. Cureus 2023; 15:e39671. [PMID: 37398789 PMCID: PMC10308062 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epidemiological studies suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a less severe disease course and a more favorable prognosis among children. Childhood vaccines and heterologous immunity have been suggested as reasons for this. Additionally, the structural similarity between the measles, rubella, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus particles may affect immune responses. The objective of this study was to compare COVID-19 antibody titers and disease severity between measles-rubella (MR) vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate and compare the antibody response in recipients of a single dose and two doses of the MR vaccine. METHODS The study was prospective and comparative and included 90 COVID-19-positive children aged nine months to 12 years. The study was registered under the clinical trials registry of India (CTRI/2021/01/030363). COVID-19 antibody titers were measured at two weeks, six weeks, and 12 weeks, along with the assessment of MR antibody titers. COVID-19 antibody titers and disease severity were compared between MR-vaccinated and MR-unvaccinated children. The comparison of COVID-19 antibody titers between recipients of a single dose and two doses of MR vaccine was also conducted. RESULTS The results showed significantly higher median COVID-19 antibody titers at all time points during follow-up in the MR-vaccinated group (P<0.05). However, the two groups had no significant difference in the disease severity. Moreover, there was no difference in the antibody titers of MR one dose and two dose recipients. CONCLUSION Exposure to even a single dose of MR-containing vaccine enhances the antibody response against COVID-19. However, randomized trials are necessary to further explore this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnavi Shrivastava
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Manish Narang
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Rafat S Ahmed
- Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Shukla Das
- Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Sunil Gomber
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
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Hussen BM, Sabir DK, Karim Y, Karim KK, Hidayat HJ. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Genome sequence analysis of SARS-COV-2 isolated from a COVID-19 patient in Erbil, Iraq. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2023; 13:3147. [PMID: 35155057 PMCID: PMC8818371 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02300-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Dana Khdr Sabir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University Charmo, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Yasin Karim
- Medical Research Center, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Paul S, Mishra CM. Do we need to vaccinate every child against COVID-19: What evidence suggests-A systematic review of opinions. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1002992. [PMID: 36424958 PMCID: PMC9679503 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1002992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still debatable whether all children should receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The comparatively mild cases and low risk of COVID-19 in children compared to adults, as well as the lack of clarity on the relative effects of the disease and vaccine, indicate that the risk-benefit ratio of vaccination in children is more nuanced. To consider and highlight the complexity of policy decisions regarding COVID-19 vaccination in children, we outlined the points regarding for and against vaccination of children against COVID-19 in this systemic review. Using Medical Search Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords, we searched PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The primary search term was COVID-19 vaccination (all synonyms), factors (all synonyms), and among children (all synonyms). A total of 367 articles were searched. Finally, 64 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The major theme/tone of 28 (43.75%) articles was in favor of children's COVID vaccination, and they were highlighting the positive factors, whereas the major theme/tone of 20 (31.25%) articles was against it. Approximately 16 (25.0%) articles were in a neutral position. Major factors highlighted by articles in favor of childhood COVID vaccination were as follows: the increasing rate of disease burden (29 articles), prevention of interruption of academic activities of children or school reopening (24 articles), and a role in defense against COVID infection (21 articles). Major factors against childhood vaccination were as follows: mild infection among children (27 articles), ethical concerns and legal problems regarding the consent of minors (17 articles), and vaccine hesitancy among parents for childhood vaccination (11 articles). Whereas, factors of uncertainty were the role in the reduction of community transmission (19 articles), protection against MIS-C (10 articles), and defense against long COVID (7 articles). Considering all the factors of COVID-19 disease progression among children, a cautious approach will be essential before proceeding with COVID-19 vaccination in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandra Mauli Mishra
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
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11
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Khan W, Khan BM, Yasen S, Al-Dahiri A, Al-Jumeily D, Dajani K, Hussain A. COVID-19 Vaccination and Mental Stress within Diverse Sociodemographic Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12932. [PMID: 36232231 PMCID: PMC9565099 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we surveyed 635 participants to determine: (a) major causes of mental stress during the pandemic and its future impacts, and (b) diversity in public perception of the COVID-19 vaccination and its acceptance (specifically for children). Statistical results and intelligent clustering outcomes indicate significant associations between sociodemographic diversity, mental stress causes, and vaccination perception. For instance, statistical results indicate significant dependence between gender (we will use term 'sex' in the rest of the manuscript) and mental stress due to COVID-19 infection (p = 1.7 × 10-5). Over 25% of males indicated work-related stress compared to 35% in females, however, females indicated that they were more stressed (17%) due to relationships compared to males (12%). Around 30% of Asian/Arabic participants do not feel that the vaccination is safe as compared to 8% of white British and 22% of white Europeans, indicating significant dependence (p = 1.8 × 10-8) with ethnicity. More specifically, vaccination acceptance for children is significantly dependent with ethnicity (p = 3.7 × 10-5) where only 47% participants show willingness towards children's vaccination. The primary dataset in this study along with experimental outcomes identifying sociodemographic information diversity with respect to public perception and acceptance of vaccination in children and potential stress factors might be useful for the public and policymakers to help them be better prepared for future epidemics, as well as working globally to combat mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiq Khan
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Bilal M. Khan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Salwa Yasen
- The Hollies Family Surgery, 10 Elbow Lane, Formby, Liverpool L37 4AF, UK
| | | | - Dhiya Al-Jumeily
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Khalil Dajani
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Abir Hussain
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Miteva D, Peshevska-Sekulovska M, Snegarova V, Batselova H, Alexandrova R, Velikova T. Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines: Risks, benefits and control of the pandemic. World J Virol 2022; 11:221-236. [PMID: 36188733 PMCID: PMC9523321 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses, next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered intranasally or orally. The goal of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is to provide adequate immune protection and avoid severe disease and death. Mucosal vaccine candidates for COVID-19 including vector vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines and live attenuated vaccines are under development. Furthermore, subunit protein vac-cines and virus-vectored vaccines have made substantial progress in preclinical and clinical settings, resulting in SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccines based on the previously successfully used nasal vaccines. Additional to their ability to trigger stable, protective immune responses at the sites of pathogenic infection, the development of 'specific' mucosal vaccines targeting coronavirus antigens could be an excellent option for preventing future pandemics. However, their efficacy and safety should be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrina Miteva
- Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski,” Faculty of Biology, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Monika Peshevska-Sekulovska
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Snegarova
- Clinic of Internal Diseases, Naval Hospital - Varna, Military Medical Academy, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Varna 9000, Bulgaria
| | - Hristiana Batselova
- Department of Epidemiology and Disaster Medicine, Medical University, Plovdiv, University Hospital “St George”, Plovdiv 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Radostina Alexandrova
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetelina Velikova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
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13
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Sahebi L, Hosseini M, Abdollahi A, Farrokhzad N, Fattah Ghazi S, Samaei Noroozi F, Ghiasvand F. Does the rubella immunoglobulin G affect the severity of COVID- 19? : Rubella immunoglobulin G and COVID- 19. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:156. [PMID: 35690730 PMCID: PMC9187882 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE & AIM The coronavirus disease, so far (COVID-19) has brought about millions of infections and fatalities throughout the world. Our aim was to determine the correlation between rubella IGG titers with the severity COVID-19. MATERIALS & METHODS: This study was conducted among COVID-19 confirmed patients over 18 years of age. The disease severity levels were categorized by WHO interim guidance. The rubella-specific IgG antibody-titer spectrum was measured (within first 48 h of hospitalization) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT In a study of 46 inpatients with varying COVID-19 disease severity (mild, moderate, severe, and critical), we observed a negative correlation between rubella IgG antibody titers and COVID-19 severity (P-Value = 0.017), There was an interaction between COVID-19 vaccination history and rubella IGG on severity COVID-19 (P-Value = 0.0015). There was an interaction between age group under 44 years (including national measles- rubella (MR) vaccination in Iran) and rubella IGG titers on severity COVID-19 too (p-value = 0.014). CONCLUSION In conclusion, MR vaccination seems to have a positive effect in reducing the severity of the disease, emphasizing that, the important and separate effect of the IGG rubella (due to natural or extrinsic immunity) titers is determining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Sahebi
- Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hosseini
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Farrokhzad
- Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samrand Fattah Ghazi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Samaei Noroozi
- Central Laboratory, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ghiasvand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Cattaruzza E, Radillo L, Ronchese F, Negro C, Rui F, De Michieli P, Larese Filon F. COVID-19 susceptibility and vaccination coverage for measles, rubella and mumps in students and healthcare workers in Trieste hospitals (NE Italy). Vaccine X 2022; 10:100147. [PMID: 35252837 PMCID: PMC8883792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines have been suggested as preventive measures to protect subjects from the worst sequelae of COVID-19 infection because neutralizing antibodies can cross-react with other viruses. AIM To verify COVID-19 infection in MMR vaccinated and non-vaccinated healthcare workers and medical students in Trieste Hospitals. RESULTS Nurse aids resulted in significantly more infections than structured physicians (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.14-2.80) while students resulted in less infections (OR, 0.66; 95% CI 0.43-1.01). The presence of an MMR vaccination was inversely associated with COVID-19 (OR, 0.77; 95% CI 0.61-0.96) but only in univariate analysis. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, MMR vaccination lost statistical significance (OR, 0.86; 95%CI 0.62-1.20).On 13 HCWs hospitalized for COVID-19, 11 resulted not vaccinated for MMR. DISCUSSION Our study found a mild, non-significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infections in workers vaccinated with MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cattaruzza
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste
- Unità Clinica di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia Radillo
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste
- Unità Clinica di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Ronchese
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste
- Unità Clinica di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Italy
| | - Corrado Negro
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste
- Unità Clinica di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Rui
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste
- Unità Clinica di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola De Michieli
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste
- Unità Clinica di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Italy
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15
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Touati R, Elngar AA. Intelligent system based comparative analysis study of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and antigenic proteins in different types of vaccines. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:34. [PMID: 35284579 PMCID: PMC8899449 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses, members of the Coronavirinae subfamily in the Coronaviridae family, are enveloped and positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect animals and humans, causing intestinal and respiratory infections. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This disease appeared, for the first time (December 2019), in China and has spread quickly worldwide causing a large number of deaths. Considering the global threat, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared, in March 2020, COVID-19 as a pandemic. Many studies suggest the great effect of the existing vaccines to protect against symptomatic cases of death by the COVID-19 virus. This paper, proposes to compare the main antigenic proteins sequences of the existing vaccines with Spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Our choice of S protein is justified by the major role that plays it in the receptor recognition and membrane fusion process based on an intelligent system. Herein, we focus on finding a correlation between S protein and compulsory vaccines in the countries that have a less death number by COVID-19 virus. In this work, we have used a combination of coding methods, signal processing, and bioinformatic techniques with the goal to localize the similar patterns between the S gene of the SARS-Cov-2 genome and 14 investigated vaccines. RESULTS A total of 8 similar sequences which have a size more than 6 amino acids were identified. Further, these comparisons propose that these segments can be implicated in the immune response against COVID-19, which may explain the wide variation by country in the severity of this viral threat. CONCLUSIONS Our in silico study suggests a possible protective effect of Poliovirus, HIB, Hepatitis B, PCV10, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccines against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeb Touati
- LR99ES10 Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis (FMT), University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- BIOPOLE Society, 63 Av. Hbib Bourguiba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed A. Elngar
- Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Beni-Suef University, Slah Salem Str., 62511 Beni-Suef City, Egypt
- American University in the Emirates, 503000, Dubai Intl. Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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16
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Majhi MM, Borle AL, Lal P, Meena M, Ramani KV. Vaccination With Routine Childhood Vaccines and Severity of COVID-19 Among Children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2022; 59:132-134. [PMID: 34845990 PMCID: PMC8913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between routine childhood vaccination and the severity of COVID-19 among children. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 141 children (aged ≤15 years), tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS COVID-19 severity (combined moderate and severe) was significantly more in males (14.5%) than females (3.8%), and in those who did not receive first and second dose of MR vaccine (57.1%, and 40%, respectively) than who received (6.3%, and 6.1%, respectively). Disease severity was more in partially immunized children (16.7%) as compared to fully immunized children (7.0%). CONCLUSION Children who did not receive both doses of MR vaccine had a severe infection when compared to those who were vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Mohan Majhi
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi. Correspondence to: Dr Madan Mohan Majhi, Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi.
| | | | - Panna Lal
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
| | - Meenu Meena
- Immunization Department, Central District, Delhi
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17
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Majhi MM, Borle AL, Lal P, Meena M, Ramani KV. Vaccination With Routine Childhood Vaccines and Severity of COVID-19 Among Children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2021. [PMID: 34845990 PMCID: PMC8913201 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-022-2445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Methods Results Conclusions Electronic Supplementary Material
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Mohan Majhi
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi. Correspondence to: Dr Madan Mohan Majhi, Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi.
| | | | - Panna Lal
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
| | - Meenu Meena
- Immunization Department, Central District, Delhi
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18
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Altulayhi RI, Alqahtani RM, Alakeel RA, Khorshid FA, Alshammari RH, Alattas SG, Alshammari FAM, Bin-Jumah M, Abdel-Daim MM, Almohideb M. Correlation between measles immunization coverage and overall morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62266-62273. [PMID: 34184228 PMCID: PMC8238512 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We conducted the current analysis to determine the potential role of measles vaccination in the context of the spread of COVID-19. Data were extracted from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Health Observatory data repository about the measles immunization coverage estimates and correlated to overall morbidity and mortality for COVID-19 among different countries. Data were statistically analyzed to calculate the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rho). There was a significant positive correlation between the vaccine coverage (%) and new cases per one million populations (rho = 0.24; p-value = 0.025); however, this correlation was absent in deaths per one million populations (rho = 0.17; p-value = 0.124). On further analysis of the effect of first reported year of vaccination policy, there was no significant correlation with both of total cases per one million populations (rho = 0.11; p-value = 0.327) and deaths per one million populations (rho = -0.02; p-value = 0.829). Claims regarding the possible protective effect of measles vaccination seem to be doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakan M. Alqahtani
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Abdullah Alakeel
- Family Medicine Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten Abdulrahman Khorshid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sana Ghazi Alattas
- Biological Sciences Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Abdullah M. Alshammari
- Department of Adult Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medical Services, King Khalid Hospital, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Bin-Jumah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | - Mohammad Almohideb
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Monereo-Sánchez J, Luykx JJ, Pinzón-Espinosa J, Richard G, Motazedi E, Westlye LT, Andreassen OA, van der Meer D. Diphtheria And Tetanus Vaccination History Is Associated With Lower Odds of COVID-19 Hospitalization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749264. [PMID: 34691063 PMCID: PMC8529993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is characterized by strikingly large, mostly unexplained, interindividual variation in symptom severity: while some individuals remain nearly asymptomatic, others suffer from severe respiratory failure. Previous vaccinations for other pathogens, in particular tetanus, may partly explain this variation, possibly by readying the immune system. Methods We made use of data on COVID-19 testing from 103,049 participants of the UK Biobank (mean age 71.5 years, 54.2% female), coupled to immunization records of the last ten years. Using logistic regression, covarying for age, sex, respiratory disease diagnosis, and socioeconomic status, we tested whether individuals vaccinated for tetanus, diphtheria or pertussis, differed from individuals that had only received other vaccinations on 1) undergoing a COVID-19 test, 2) being diagnosed with COVID-19, and 3) whether they developed severe COVID-19 symptoms. Results We found that individuals with registered diphtheria or tetanus vaccinations are less likely to develop severe COVID-19 than people who had only received other vaccinations (diphtheria odds ratio (OR)=0.47, p-value=5.3*10-5; tetanus OR=0.52, p-value=1.2*10-4). Discussion These results indicate that a history of diphtheria or tetanus vaccinations is associated with less severe manifestations of COVID-19. These vaccinations may protect against severe COVID-19 symptoms by stimulating the immune system. We note the correlational nature of these results, yet the possibility that these vaccinations may influence the severity of COVID-19 warrants follow-up investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Monereo-Sánchez
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Outpatient Second Opinion Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, Netherlands
| | - Justo Pinzón-Espinosa
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Tauli University Hospital, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama, Panama.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geneviève Richard
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ehsan Motazedi
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Kusi KA, Frimpong A, Partey FD, Lamptey H, Amoah LE, Ofori MF. High infectious disease burden as a basis for the observed high frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in sub-Saharan Africa. AAS Open Res 2021; 4:2. [PMID: 34729457 PMCID: PMC8524298 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13196.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the coronavirus outbreaks described as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world has again been challenged by yet another corona virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infections were first detected in a Chinese Province in December 2019 and then declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. An infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 may result in asymptomatic, uncomplicated or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fatal disease has been linked with the uncontrolled "cytokine storm" manifesting with complications mostly in people with underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary disease conditions. The severity of COVID-19 disease and the associated mortality has been disproportionately lower in terms of number of cases and deaths in Africa and also Asia in comparison to Europe and North America. Also, persons of colour residing in Europe and North America have been identified as a highly susceptible population due to a combination of several socioeconomic factors and poor access to quality healthcare. Interestingly, this has not been the case in sub-Saharan Africa where majority of the population are even more deprived of the aforementioned factors. On the contrary, sub-Saharan Africa has recorded the lowest levels of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease, and an overwhelming proportion of infections are asymptomatic. Whilst it can be argued that these lower number of cases in Africa may be due to challenges associated with the diagnosis of the disease such as lack of trained personnel and infrastructure, the number of persons who get infected and develop symptoms is proportionally lower than those who are asymptomatic, including asymptomatic cases that are never diagnosed. This review discusses the most probable reasons for the significantly fewer cases of severe COVID-19 disease and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustina Frimpong
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frederica Dedo Partey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Fokuo Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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21
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Mysore V, Cullere X, Settles ML, Ji X, Kattan MW, Desjardins M, Durbin-Johnson B, Gilboa T, Baden LR, Walt DR, Lichtman AH, Jehi L, Mayadas TN. Protective heterologous T cell immunity in COVID-19 induced by the trivalent MMR and Tdap vaccine antigens. MED 2021; 2:1050-1071.e7. [PMID: 34414383 PMCID: PMC8363466 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells control viral infection, promote vaccine durability, and in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associate with mild disease. We investigated whether prior measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) or tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap) vaccination elicits cross-reactive T cells that mitigate COVID-19. METHODS Antigen-presenting cells (APC) loaded ex vivo with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), MMR, or Tdap antigens and autologous T cells from COVID-19-convalescent participants, uninfected individuals, and COVID-19 mRNA-vaccinated donors were co-cultured. T cell activation and phenotype were detected by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays and flow cytometry. ELISAs (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays) and validation studies identified the APC-derived cytokine(s) driving T cell activation. TCR clonotyping and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) identified cross-reactive T cells and their transcriptional profile. A propensity-weighted analysis of COVID-19 patients estimated the effects of MMR and Tdap vaccination on COVID-19 outcomes. FINDINGS High correlation was observed between T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 (spike-S1 and nucleocapsid) and MMR and Tdap proteins in COVID-19-convalescent and -vaccinated individuals. The overlapping T cell population contained an effector memory T cell subset (effector memory re-expressing CD45RA on T cells [TEMRA]) implicated in protective, anti-viral immunity, and their detection required APC-derived IL-15, known to sensitize T cells to activation. Cross-reactive TCR repertoires detected in antigen-experienced T cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2, MMR, and Tdap epitopes had TEMRA features. Indices of disease severity were reduced in MMR- or Tdap-vaccinated individuals by 32%-38% and 20%-23%, respectively, among COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS Tdap and MMR memory T cells reactivated by SARS-CoV-2 may provide protection against severe COVID-19. FUNDING This study was supported by a National Institutes of Health (R01HL065095, R01AI152522, R01NS097719) donation from Barbara and Amos Hostetter and the Chleck Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayashree Mysore
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xavier Cullere
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew L Settles
- Bioinformatics Core Facility in the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinge Ji
- Quantitative Health Science Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael W Kattan
- Quantitative Health Science Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michaël Desjardins
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Tal Gilboa
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David R Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew H Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lara Jehi
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tanya N Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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McNair D, Hu H, Selwyn C. Looking in the medicine cabinet: methods for using real-world data to assess the impact of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) and recombinant adjuvanted varicella-zoster vaccines on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and case fatality. Gates Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13329.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Analysis of real-world data can be used to identify promising leads and dead ends among products being repurposed for clinical practice for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This paper uses real-world data from Cerner Labs collected from 90 source institutions in the United States to assess the potential impact of two viral vaccines on COVID-19 case fatality rates. Methods: We identified 373,032 polymerase chase reaction (PCR)-positive COVID-19 cases in the Cerner Labs database between 01-MAR-2020 and 31-DEC-2020 and identified patients that had received measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) or a recombinant adjuvanted varicella-zoster vaccine within the previous 5 years. We calculated heterogeneity scores to support interpretation of results across institutions, and used stepwise forward variable selection to construct covariable-based propensity scores. These scores were used to match cases and control for biasing and confounding issues inherent in observational data. Results: Neither the recombinant adjuvanted varicella-zoster vaccine nor MMR showed significant efficacy in prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We could not derive clinically significant results on the impact of MMR for case fatality rates due to persistently high rates of heterogeneity between institutions. However, we were able to achieve acceptable levels of heterogeneity for the analysis of the recombinant adjuvanted varicella-zoster vaccine, and found a clinically meaningful benefit of reduced case fatality rate, with an odds ratio of 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38 – 0.48). Conclusions: Using propensity score matching and heterogeneity statistics can help guide our interpretation of real-world data, and rigorous statistical methods are needed to reduce bias or disparities in data interpretation. Applying these methods to the impact of viral vaccines on COVID-19 case fatalities yields actionable findings for further analysis.
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23
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Kostinov MP, Zhuravlev PI, Gladkova LS, Mashilov KV, Polishchuk VB, Shmitko AD, Zorina VN, Blagovidov DA, Pahomov DV, Vlasenko AE, Ryzhov AA, Khromova EA. Comparative Analysis of the Measles Antibody Levels in Healthy Medical Personnel of Maternity Ward and Women in Labor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680506. [PMID: 34305912 PMCID: PMC8298000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proven that post-vaccination immunity to measles virus after two doses of vaccine is not able to persistently protect against infection throughout life. The goal of this research was to determine the immune layer to the measles virus among women in labor and maternity ward personnel in the same medical institution. The levels of IgG antibodies to measles virus in the umbilical cord blood of 594 women in labor and 88 workers of the maternity ward were studied by ELISA. It was revealed that 22.7% of umbilical cord blood serum samples from parturient women and 21.4% of blood serum samples from maternity ward personnel were seronegative (<0.18 IU/ml). Levels of IgG antibodies to measles virus in low values (<1.0 IU/ml) were detected in 67% of blood serum samples among women in labor and 68.9% among employees of the maternity ward. Among women in labor, women under 35 years of age are at the highest risk of contracting measles; the proportion of women with low levels of protective antibodies in this age group was almost 70%, and the proportion of women without protective levels of antibodies was 23%. Compared with the age group 36-43, the age of women in labor under 35 was associated with a higher chance of not having immune protection against infection with measles virus OR [95% CI] = 2.2 [1.1-4.5] (p = 0.02) or had a low level of protection OR [95% CI] = 1.9 [1.2-3.0] (p = 0.001). It was also found that among women over 35 years of age, the proportion of persons with a high level of antibodies in women in labor was statistically significantly higher than among members of the maternity ward staff (13 and 0%, respectively, p = 0.007). Thus, maternity ward employees and women in labor constitute a risk group for measles due to the presence of a high proportion of seronegative persons among women of childbearing age (both maternity ward employees and women in labor). These conditions create the need to revise current approaches to present vaccination procedures, especially in the current epidemiological situation with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Petrovich Kostinov
- Department of Epidemiology and Modern Vaccination Technologies of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Ivanovich Zhuravlev
- Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lylia Solomonovna Gladkova
- City D.D. Pletnev Clinical Hospital of the Moscow City Health Department, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Epidemiology and Social Hygiene of Moscow State University of Food Industries, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Vadimovich Mashilov
- Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina Borisovna Polishchuk
- Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Dmitrievna Shmitko
- Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitriy Alexeyevich Blagovidov
- Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Vladimirovich Pahomov
- Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Egorovna Vlasenko
- Medical Cybernetics and Informatics Department of Novokuznetsk State Institute of Advanced Training of Physicians-Branch of the "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Novokuznetsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Anatolevich Ryzhov
- Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Alexandrovna Khromova
- Laboratory of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases of I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Lundberg L, Bygdell M, Stukat von Feilitzen G, Woxenius S, Ohlsson C, Kindblom JM, Leach S. Recent MMR vaccination in health care workers and Covid-19: A test negative case-control study. Vaccine 2021; 39:4414-4418. [PMID: 34187707 PMCID: PMC8216866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background It has been hypothesised that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine may afford cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 which may contribute to the wide variability in disease severity of Covid-19. Methods We employed a test negative case-control study, utilising a recent measles outbreak during which many healthcare workers received the MMR vaccine, to investigate the potential protective effect of MMR against SARS-CoV-2 in 5905 subjects (n = 805 males, n = 5100 females). Results The odds ratio for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, in recently MMR-vaccinated compared to not recently MMR-vaccinated individuals was 0.91 (95% CI 0.76, 1.09). An interaction analysis showed a significant interaction for sex. After sex-stratification, the odds ratio for testing positive for males was 0.43 (95% CI 0.24, 0.79, P = 0.006), and 1.01 (95% CI 0.83, 1.22, P = 0.92) for females. Conclusion Our results indicate that there may be a protective effect of the MMR vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in males but not females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lundberg
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Bygdell
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Dept. of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Inst. of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Woxenius
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Dept. of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Inst. of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny M Kindblom
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Dept. of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Inst. of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susannah Leach
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Inst. of Biomedicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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25
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Taheri Soodejani M, Basti M, Tabatabaei SM, Rajabkhah K. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and COVID-19: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2021; 12:35-39. [PMID: 34336136 PMCID: PMC8310886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate published literature about the association between measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and COVID-19. This is a systematic review in which the databases of Chocrane, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science as well as reliable journals including Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, Jama and also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publications were searched.Out of 169 documents discovered during the literature review, 56 ones were somehow related to the association between MMR vaccine and COVID-19, of which 11 ones mentioned the association between these two, and 8 of them contained a hypothesis about this relationship. A quasi-trial study reported the positive effect of the MMR vaccine on reducing the severity of COVID-19 symptoms among those who received it. Also, a cross-sectional study showed an association between the level of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) mumps and COVID-19. Moreover, a genomic data analysis study also reported the effect of Rubella Immunoglobulin G (IgG) level on COVID-19. It seems that due to the similarity of respiratory diseases including measles, rubella, and mumps to COVID-19, MMR vaccine should be investigated more deeply to see if it is effective in order to deal with this novel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Taheri Soodejani
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazd, Iran
| | - Moslem Basti
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazd, Iran
| | | | - Kourosh Rajabkhah
- Office for Health Technology Assessment, Health Standards and Tarrifs, Department of Curative Affairs, Ministry of Health and Medical EducationTehran, Iran
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26
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Kusi KA, Frimpong A, Partey FD, Lamptey H, Amoah LE, Ofori MF. High infectious disease burden as a basis for the observed high frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in sub-Saharan Africa. AAS Open Res 2021; 4:2. [PMID: 34729457 PMCID: PMC8524298 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13196.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the coronavirus outbreaks described as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world has again been challenged by yet another corona virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infections were first detected in a Chinese Province in December 2019 and then declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. An infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 may result in asymptomatic, uncomplicated or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fatal disease has been linked with the uncontrolled "cytokine storm" manifesting with complications mostly in people with underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary disease conditions. The severity of COVID-19 disease and the associated mortality has been disproportionately lower in terms of number of cases and deaths in Africa and also Asia in comparison to Europe and North America. Also, persons of colour residing in Europe and North America have been identified as a highly susceptible population due to a combination of several socioeconomic factors and poor access to quality healthcare. Interestingly, this has not been the case in sub-Saharan Africa where majority of the population are even more deprived of the aforementioned factors. On the contrary, sub-Saharan Africa has recorded the lowest levels of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease, and an overwhelming proportion of infections are asymptomatic. Whilst it can be argued that these lower number of cases in Africa may be due to challenges associated with the diagnosis of the disease such as lack of trained personnel and infrastructure, the number of persons who get infected and develop symptoms is proportionally lower than those who are asymptomatic, including asymptomatic cases that are never diagnosed. This review discusses the most probable reasons for the significantly fewer cases of severe COVID-19 disease and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustina Frimpong
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frederica Dedo Partey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Fokuo Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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27
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Yengil E, Onlen Y, Ozer C, Hambolat M, Ozdogan M. Effectiveness of Booster Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in Lower COVID-19 Infection Rates: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Turkish Adults. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1757-1762. [PMID: 33994804 PMCID: PMC8113608 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s309022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of booster vaccination of adults with measles-mumps-rubella in the COVID-19 infection rates. Methods In order to investigate this hypothesis, we tested COVID-19 positivity rate through PCR assay on the participants (n=245; male), who had to share the same student accommodation together with the same dining hall to provide governmental service. Participants were divided into two groups based on their booster vaccination status with measles-mumps-rubella: the non-vaccinated group (n=207) and the vaccinated group (n=38). The rate of COVID-19 seropositivity, age, body mass index (BMI), active smoking and presence of comorbidity were also measured and recorded. Results All of the participants were healthy, and age distribution, comorbidity rates, active smoking status and BMI did not vary significantly among the two groups (p=0.305, p=0.594, p=0.280, and p=0.922, respectively). About 36.7% (n=90) of the participants were found to be COVID-19 positive by PCR among which the non-vaccinated cases had higher rates of COVID-19 seropositivity than the vaccinated cases (40.6% vs 15.8%) (OR=3.6, 95%CI: 1.5–9.0, p=0.004). Conclusion Based on these results, we cautiously predict that immunity produced by MMR vaccination boosters may provide some degree of protection against COVID-19 in the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Yengil
- Department of Family Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University School of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Onlen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University School of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Cahit Ozer
- Department of Family Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University School of Medicine, Hatay, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Ozdogan
- Head of Provincial Public Health Department, Hatay, Turkey
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28
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Li Y, Tenchov R, Smoot J, Liu C, Watkins S, Zhou Q. A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:512-533. [PMID: 34056083 PMCID: PMC8029445 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This report examines various vaccine platforms including inactivated vaccines, protein-based vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and nucleic acid (DNA or mRNA) vaccines, and their ways of producing immunogens in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Smoot
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Cynthia Liu
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Steven Watkins
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
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29
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Gudina EK, Gobena D, Debela T, Yilma D, Girma T, Mekonnen Z, Woldie M, Abdena D, Shume G, Kenate B, Lemi M, Diriba D, Degfie TT. COVID-19 in Oromia Region of Ethiopia: a review of the first 6 months' surveillance data. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046764. [PMID: 33782023 PMCID: PMC8008954 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite unrelenting efforts to contain its spread, COVID-19 is still causing unprecedented global crises. Ethiopia reported its first case on 13 March 2020 but has an accelerated case load and geographical distribution recently. In this article, we described the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Oromia Region, the largest and most populous region in Ethiopia, during the early months of the outbreak. METHODS We analysed data from the COVID-19 surveillance database of the Oromia Regional Health Bureau. We included all reverse transcription-PCR-confirmed cases reported from the region between 13 March and 13 September 2020. RESULTS COVID-19 was confirmed in 8955 (5.5%) of 164 206 tested individuals. The test positivity rate increased from an average of 1.0% in the first 3 months to 6.3% in August and September. About 70% (6230) of the cases were men; the mean age was 30.0 years (SD=13.3), and 90.5% were <50 years of age. Only 64 (0.7%) of the cases had symptoms at diagnosis. Cough was the most common among symptomatic cases reported in 48 (75.0%), while fever was the least. Overall, 4346 (48.5%) have recovered from the virus; and a total of 52 deaths were reported with a case fatality rate of 1.2%. However, we should interpret the reported case fatality rate cautiously since in 44 (84.6%) of those reported as COVID-19 death, the virus was detected from dead bodies. CONCLUSION Despite the steady increase in the number of reported COVID-19 cases, Ethiopia has so far avoided the feared catastrophe from the pandemic due to the milder and asymptomatic nature of the disease. However, with the current pattern of widespread community transmission, the danger posed by the pandemic remains real. Thus, the country should focus on averting COVID-19-related humanitarian crisis through strengthening COVID-19 surveillance and targeted testing for the most vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Kebede Gudina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dabesa Gobena
- Public Health Management and Health Research Directorate, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tessema Debela
- Public Health Management and Health Research Directorate, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Yilma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tsinuel Girma
- Fenot Project, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mirkuzie Woldie
- Fenot Project, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Abdena
- Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Directorate, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gemechu Shume
- Public Health Emergency Management and Health Research Directorate, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Kenate
- Health Research Team Coordinator, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meles Lemi
- Public Health Management and Health Research Directorate, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Diriba
- Public Health Management and Health Research Directorate, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tizta Tilahun Degfie
- Fenot Project, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University College of Medical and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Haddad-Boubaker S, Othman H, Touati R, Ayouni K, Lakhal M, Ben Mustapha I, Ghedira K, Kharrat M, Triki H. In silico comparative study of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and antigenic proteins in BCG, OPV, MMR and other vaccines: evidence of a possible putative protective effect. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:163. [PMID: 33771096 PMCID: PMC7995392 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pandemic disease that may induce severe pneumonia in humans. In this paper, we investigated the putative implication of 12 vaccines, including BCG, OPV and MMR in the protection against COVID-19. Sequences of the main antigenic proteins in the investigated vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 proteins were compared to identify similar patterns. The immunogenic effect of identified segments was, then, assessed using a combination of structural and antigenicity prediction tools. Results A total of 14 highly similar segments were identified in the investigated vaccines. Structural and antigenicity prediction analysis showed that, among the identified patterns, three segments in Hepatitis B, Tetanus, and Measles proteins presented antigenic properties that can induce putative protective effect against COVID-19. Conclusions Our results suggest a possible protective effect of HBV, Tetanus and Measles vaccines against COVID-19, which may explain the variation of the disease severity among regions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04045-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondes Haddad-Boubaker
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia. .,LR20IPT10 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Houcemeddine Othman
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rabeb Touati
- LR99ES10 Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis (FMT), University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Ayouni
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia.,LR20IPT10 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Lakhal
- LR99ES10 Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis (FMT), University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Mustapha
- LR11-IPT02 Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kais Ghedira
- LR16IPT09 Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maher Kharrat
- LR99ES10 Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis (FMT), University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia.,LR20IPT10 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Cotugno N, Ruggiero A, Bonfante F, Petrara MR, Zicari S, Pascucci GR, Zangari P, De Ioris MA, Santilli V, Manno EC, Amodio D, Bortolami A, Pagliari M, Concato C, Linardos G, Campana A, Donà D, Giaquinto C, Brodin P, Rossi P, De Rossi A, Palma P. Virological and immunological features of SARS-CoV-2-infected children who develop neutralizing antibodies. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108852. [PMID: 33730580 PMCID: PMC7962998 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global COVID-19 pandemic progresses, it is paramount to gain knowledge on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in children to define immune correlates of protection upon immunization or infection. We analyzed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and their neutralizing activity (PRNT) in 66 COVID-19-infected children at 7 (±2) days after symptom onset. Individuals with specific humoral responses presented faster virus clearance and lower viral load associated with a reduced in vitro infectivity. We demonstrated that the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+CD40L+ T cells and Spike-specific B cells were associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the magnitude of neutralizing activity. The plasma proteome confirmed the association between cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2 immunity, and PRNT+ patients show higher viral signal transduction molecules (SLAMF1, CD244, CLEC4G). This work sheds lights on cellular and humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses in children, which may drive future vaccination trial endpoints and quarantine measures policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Petrara
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Unit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Center, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zangari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Santilli
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - E C Manno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Concato
- Department of Laboratories, Division of Virology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Linardos
- Department of Laboratories, Division of Virology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Campana
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Donà
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Petter Brodin
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Unit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Center, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Ashford JW, Gold JE, Huenergardt MA, Katz RBA, Strand SE, Bolanos J, Wheeler CJ, Perry G, Smith CJ, Steinman L, Chen MY, Wang JC, Ashford CB, Roth WT, Cheng JJ, Chao S, Jennings J, Sipple D, Yamamoto V, Kateb B, Earnest DL. MMR Vaccination: A Potential Strategy to Reduce Severity and Mortality of COVID-19 Illness. Am J Med 2021; 134:153-155. [PMID: 33198951 PMCID: PMC7583585 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Calif; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.
| | | | | | - Ronit B A Katz
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Susanne E Strand
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics (SBMT), Brain Mapping Foundation, Pacific Palisades, Calif
| | - Joe Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics (SBMT), Brain Mapping Foundation, Pacific Palisades, Calif
| | - Christopher J Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA; T-Neuro Pharma, Albuquerque, NM & Aptos, Calif
| | - George Perry
- Semmes Distinguished University Chair in Neurobiology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Carr J Smith
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Mobile, Ala
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Zimmermann Professor of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, and Department of Pediatrics, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Mike Y Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, Calif
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Walton T Roth
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Jauhtai Joseph Cheng
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif; Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Steven Chao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif; Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | | | - Daniel Sipple
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Babak Kateb
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA
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Piccaluga PP, Malerba G, Navari M, Diani E, Concia E, Gibellini D. Cross-Immunization Against Respiratory Coronaviruses May Protect Children From SARS-CoV2: More Than a Simple Hypothesis? Front Pediatr 2021; 8:595539. [PMID: 33537261 PMCID: PMC7849449 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.595539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2020, a new coronavirus was identified as responsible for a pandemic acute respiratory syndrome. The virus demonstrated a high infectious capability and not-neglectable mortality in humans. However, similarly to previous SARS and MERS, the new disease COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 seemed to relatively spare children and younger adults. Some hypotheses have been proposed to explain the phenomenon, including lower ACE2 expression in children, cross-immunization from measles/rubella/mumps and BCG-vaccination, as well as the integrity of respiratory mucosa. Herein, we hypothesize that an additional mechanism might contribute to children's relative protection from SARS-CoV-2, the cross-immunization conferred by previous exposures to other common respiratory coronaviruses. To support our hypothesis, we show a statistically significant similarity in genomic and protein sequences, including epitopes for B- and T-cell immunity, of SARS-CoV-2 and the other beta coronaviruses. Since these coronaviruses are highly diffused across pediatric populations, cross-reactive immunity might reasonably induce an at least partial protection from SARS-CoV-2 in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Pathology, School of Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Biomolecular strategies, genetics, cutting-edge therapies and neuroscience (SBGN), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, Section of Biology and Genetics, Verona University, Verona, Italy
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Microbiology, Verona University, Verona, Italy
| | - Ercole Concia
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Microbiology, Verona University, Verona, Italy
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Matucci-Cerinic C, Caorsi R, Consolaro A, Rosina S, Civino A, Ravelli A. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Unique Disease or Part of the Kawasaki Disease Spectrum? Front Pediatr 2021; 9:680813. [PMID: 34178896 PMCID: PMC8220809 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.680813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing and mysterious phenomena observed during the COVID-19 pandemic has been represented by the occurrence of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents (MIS-C). Patients with this condition have some overlapping signs and symptoms with those of Kawasaki disease (KD), but also display clinical features that are uncommon or less frequent in this illness, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain and myocardial involvement. The sickest patients may develop multiorgan failure and shock, usually due to myocarditis. Management is based on the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin, glucocorticoids and, in the most severe instances, anakinra. It is still debated whether MIS-C and KD represent different illnesses or are part of the same disease spectrum. The aim of the present review is to analyze critically the evidence in favor of the latter hypothesis and to provide the authors' personal interpretation of the relationship between the two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Matucci-Cerinic
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Caorsi
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Consolaro
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Rosina
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adele Civino
- Unità di Reumatologia e Immunologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Vito Fazzi, Lecce, Italy
| | - Angelo Ravelli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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35
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Rickett CD, Maschhoff KJ, Sukumar SR. Does tetanus vaccination contribute to reduced severity of the COVID-19 infection? Med Hypotheses 2021; 146:110395. [PMID: 33341328 PMCID: PMC7695568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the hypothesis to the scientific community actively designing clinical trials and recommending public health guidelines to control the pandemic that - "Tetanus vaccination may be contributing to reduced severity of the COVID-19 infection" - and urge further research to validate or invalidate the effectiveness of the tetanus toxoid vaccine against COVID-19. This hypothesis was revealed by an explainable artificial intelligence system unleashed on open public biomedical datasets. As a foundation for scientific rigor, we describe the data and the artificial intelligence system, document the provenance and methodology used to derive the hypothesis and also gather potentially relevant data/evidence from recent studies. We conclude that while correlations may not be reason for causation, correlations from multiple sources is more than a serendipitous coincidence that is worthy of further and deeper investigation.
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Alexandrova R, Beykov P, Vassilev D, Jukić M, Podlipnik Č. The virus that shook the world: questions and answers about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1847683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Radostina Alexandrova
- Department of Pathology Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pencho Beykov
- Department of Pathology Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofa, Bulgaria
| | - Dobrin Vassilev
- “Alexandrovska” University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marko Jukić
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been theorized to provide protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our aim was to determine whether any MMR IgG titers are inversely correlated with severity in recovered COVID-19 patients previously vaccinated with MMR II. We divided 80 subjects into two groups, comparing MMR titers to recent COVID-19 severity levels. The MMR II group consisted of 50 subjects who would primarily have MMR antibodies from the MMR II vaccine, and a comparison group of 30 subjects consisted of those who would primarily have MMR antibodies from sources other than MMR II, including prior measles, mumps, and/or rubella illnesses. There was a significant inverse correlation (rs = -0.71, P < 0.001) between mumps virus titers (mumps titers) and COVID-19 severity within the MMR II group. There were no significant correlations between mumps titers and severity in the comparison group, between mumps titers and age in the MMR II group, or between severity and measles or rubella titers in either group. Within the MMR II group, mumps titers of 134 to 300 arbitrary units (AU)/ml (n = 8) were found only in those who were functionally immune or asymptomatic; all with mild symptoms had mumps titers below 134 AU/ml (n = 17); all with moderate symptoms had mumps titers below 75 AU/ml (n = 11); all who had been hospitalized and had required oxygen had mumps titers below 32 AU/ml (n = 5). Our results demonstrate that there is a significant inverse correlation between mumps titers from MMR II and COVID-19 severity.IMPORTANCE COVID-19 has presented various paradoxes that, if understood better, may provide clues to controlling the pandemic, even before a COVID-19 vaccine is widely available. First, young children are largely spared from severe disease. Second, numerous countries have COVID-19 death rates that are as low as 1% of the death rates of other countries. Third, many people, despite prolonged close contact with someone who is COVID-19 positive, never test positive themselves. Fourth, nearly half of people who test positive for COVID-19 are asymptomatic. Some researchers have theorized that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine may be responsible for these disparities. The significance of our study is that it showed that mumps titers related to the MMR II vaccine are significantly and inversely correlated with the severity of COVID-19-related symptoms, supporting the theorized association between the MMR vaccine and COVID-19 severity.
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Kandeil A, Gomaa MR, El Taweel A, Mostafa A, Shehata M, Kayed AE, Kutkat O, Moatasim Y, Mahmoud SH, Kamel MN, Shama NMA, El Sayes M, El-Shesheny R, Yassien MA, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Ali MA. Common childhood vaccines do not elicit a cross-reactive antibody response against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241471. [PMID: 33112930 PMCID: PMC7592750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence showed a negative correlation between Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and incidence of COVID-19. Incidence of the disease in children is much lower than in adults. It is hypothesized that BCG and other childhood vaccinations may provide some protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through trained or adaptive immune responses. Here, we tested whether BCG, Pneumococcal, Rotavirus, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae, Hepatitis B, Meningococcal, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccines provide cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice. Results indicated that none of these vaccines provided antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 up to seven weeks post vaccination. We conclude that if such vaccines have any role in COVID-19 immunity, this role is not antibody-mediated.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Cross Reactions
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- SARS-CoV-2
- Vaccination
- Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar R. Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Shehata
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mina Nabil Kamel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Sayes
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Human Link, Hazmieh, Baabda, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Tiruneh FT. Clinical Profile of Covid-19 in Children, Review of Existing Literatures. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2020; 11:385-392. [PMID: 33061744 PMCID: PMC7518768 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s266063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO has confirmed that COVID-19 disease is a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease is caused by a new virus called SARS-CoV-2. Since, the pandemic was announced around 18,854,287 cases and 708,639 deaths were reported as of August 7, 2020. This review aimed to explore the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestation and complication. The phylogenetic study showed that SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus. The virus is very contagious and has rapidly spread globally. Its unique structure called S glycoproteins help the virus enters in and cause infection in the body. Children's body reacts against SARS-CoV-2 infections through the involvement of innate and adaptive immune system. The clinical manifestation in children is not specific and not determined. However, fever and cough have mostly been profiled. Though the severe condition is rarely reported in children compared with adults, life-threatening complications, and death associated with COVID-19 disease have been documented. Underlying chronic pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, immunosuppression, and obesity significantly contribute to the complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firew Tiyare Tiruneh
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
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