Incidence, screening, and management of de novo malignancies in liver transplant patients: A review

Table 1 Incidence of de novo malignancies in liver transplant recipients in various studies, n (%)

Ref.	Country	Study period	No. of LT patients included in the study	Follow up period	Interval to DNM	Overall Incidence of DNM	Common malignancies (%)	Overall SIR
Frezza et al[115]	United States	Before 1992	1657	-	-	64 (3.8)	Basalioma 25%, SCC 20.3%, melanoma 6.2%	-
Krynitz et al[116]	Sweden	1970-2008	1221	20	-	(27)	-	All cancer: 3.4 (2.9-4.0); non-SCC: 2.3 (1.9-2.8); all skin cancer: 16 (12-20); SCC: 32 (24-42)
Haagsma et al[117]	The Netherlands	1979-1996	174	5.9	5.1	23 (12)	Skin and lip cancers 52%	4.3
Oo et al[118]	United Kingdom	1982-2004	1778	6.5	-	141 (7.9)	Skin cancer excluding melanoma 36.1%, lymphoma 12.7%, large bowel cancer 12.7%, lung cancer 10%	2.1
Aberg et al[5]	Finland	1982-2005	540	6.3	5.1	39 (7.2)	Nonmelanoma skin cancer 25.6%, non-Hodgkin lymphoma 20.5%	2.59
Finkenstedt et al[51]	Austria	1982-2007	779	4.1	4.4	105 (12.3)	Skin cancer 17%, lung cancer16%, oropharyngeal carcinoma 11%	1.9
Jiang et al[119]	Canada	1983-1998	2034	3.5 ± 2.8	3.5 ± 2.8	113 (5.5)	Non-Hodgkins lymphoma 35.3, colorectal cancer 12.3, lung cancer 8.8%	2.5
Schrem et al[120]	Germany	1983-2010	2000	7.3	6.8	120 (6)	PTLD 19.12%, lung cancer 11.6%, colorectal cancer 10.8%, gynecological cancer 8.03%, breast cancer 6.6%, gastric/esophageal cancer 5.8%	2
Galve et al[121]	Spain	1984-1996	1827	-	2.5 ± 1.8	70 (3.83)	-	-
Mouchli et al[122]	United States	1984-2012	293	11.5	-	73 (25)	PTLD 30.1%, SOT 63%	-
Sanchez et al[123]	United States	1985-1999	1421	5.5 ± 3.7	-	123 (88)	Skin cancer 32.8%, lymphomas 25%, lung cancer 8%, colon cancer 5%	-
Wimmer et al[124]	Germany	1985-2007	609	4.8	5.7 ± 3.7	87 (14.2)	SCC 15%, BCC 27.6%	-
Taborelli et al[125]	Italy	1985-2014	2818	NA	NA	244 (8.6)	-	-
Shalaby et al[126]	Italy	1985-2014	2653	3.6 for HCC, 6.6 non-HCC	2.7 in HCC, 4.5 in non- HCC patients	62 (6.6) in HCC patients, 127 (7.4) in non-HCC patients	-	-
Jiménez et al[127]	Spain	1986-2000	505	-	-	62 (12.3)	Skin cancer and Kaposi sarcoma 25.8%, PTLD 21.6%, head and neck cancer 16%	-
Tjon et al[128]	Denmark	1986-2007	385	-	-	66 (17.1)	non-melanoma skin cancer 55%, PTLD 21%	2.2
Engels et al[7]	United States	1987-2008	37888	-	-	1563 (4.1)	PTLD- 23.3%	-
Jonas et al[129]	Germany	1988-1994	458	4.2	3.6	33 (7.2)	Skin cancer 24%, PTLD 21%, gynecological cancer 21%	-
Kelly et al[130]	United Kingdom	1988-1996	888	-	2 ± 1.5	31 (3.4)	Skin cancer and Kaposi sarcoma 25.8%, lung cancer 3%	-
Saigal et al[14]	United Kingdom	1988-1999	1140	-	3.8 ± 2.8	30 (2.6)	Skin cancer 43%, oropharyngeal cancer 6%, bladder cancer 6%, acute leukemia 6%	-
Yao et al[131]	United States	1988-2000	1043	6.7	-	53 (5)	Skin cancer 32%, GI cancer 21%, hematologic malignancies 17%	-
Rademacher et al[69]	Germany	1988-2006	1616	14	-	322 (19.9)	Skin 25.7%, hematological 15.2%, solid organ tumors 60%	-
Watt et al[37]	United States	1990-1994	798	10	-	271 (34)	Skin cancer 54.2%, hematologic malignancy 10.7%, solid organ cancer 35%	-
Herrero et al[15]	Spain	1990-2001	187	5.5	-	63 (33)	Cutaneous neoplasia 55.5%, non-cutaneous neoplasia 44.4%	-
Ettorre et al[132]	Italy	1990-2008	1675	5.2	3.2	98 (5.9)	PTLD 18.4%, head and neck cancer 19.3%, lung cancer 13.2%, colorectal cancer 11.2%, Kaposi's sarcoma 6.2%	-
Tajima et al[133]	Japan	1990-2020	1781	Approximately 12 years	-	153 (8.6)	PTLD 53%, colorectal 9.1%, lung 7.8%, gastric 7.8%	SIR1993-1995: 8.12, SIR1996-1998: 3.11, SIR2005-2007: 1.31, SIR2008-2010: 1.34, SIR2014-2016: 2.27, SIR2017-2019: 2.07
Benlloch et al[71]	Spain	1991-2001	772	4.3	-	41 (5.3)	Solid organ tumours 75.6%, hematologic cancer 24.3%	-
Baccarani et al[8]	Italy	1991-2005	417	6.7	4.2	43 (10.3)	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 21%, head and neck cancer 18.6%, Kaposi sarcoma 14%	-
Sanaei et al[134]	Iran	1992-2012	1700	-	5.5	38 (2.2)	PTLD 63%, GI cancer 10.5%	-
Sérée et al[101]	France	1993-2012	11226	-	-	1200 (10.7)	Lung cancer 15.6%, esophagus, stomach, colorectal 11.8%, larynx 6.3%, oral/pharynx 6%	For all solid organ malignancies 2.2
Jain et al[87]	United States	1996-2006	1000	6.5 ± 1	3	57 (5.7)	Skin cancer including melanoma 38.6%, lung cancer14% oropharyngeal cancer 12.2%	-
Chatrath et al[1]	United States	1997-2004	534	5.7 ± 3.2	4 ± 2.2	80 (15)	Solid tumors 50%, skin cancer 30%, hematologic malignancy 20%	3.1
Yeh et al[135]	Taiwan	1997-2011	2127	4.2	-	111 (5.2)	-	1.5
Park et al[136]	South Korea	1998-2008	1952	3.5 ± 2.8	3.4 ± 2.4	44 (2.3)	Stomach 25%, colorectal cancer 20.4%, breast cancer 9%	7.7 for men and 7.3 for women
Egeli et al[137]	Türkiye	1998-2016	429	8.6	5.3	9 (2)	Lung cancer 44.4%	-
Kobayashi et al[138]	Japan	1999-2022	70	12.1	-	8 (11.4)	Lung cancer 50%, PTLD 37.5%, skin cancer 12.5%	-
Lucidi et al[139]	Italy	2000-2015	789	6.75	4	67 (5.5)	Lung 16.4%, head and neck 16.4%, PTLD 13.4%, breast 7.4%	-
Mangus et al[140]	United States	2001-2011	1275	-	-	180 (14)	Skin cancer 59.4%, GI malignancy 10.5%	-
Yu et al[141]	China	2005-2011	569	3.5 ± 2.2	-	18 (3.2)	PTLD 16.7%	-
Antinucci et al[142]	Argentina	2006-2014	159	1.1	1.3	12 (7.5)	Skin cancer 33.3%	-
Tiwari et al[143]	India	2006-2017	2100	3.5	-	21 (1)	Oropharyngeal cancer 33.3%, lung cancer 19%, SCC 9.5%	-

LT: Liver transplant; DNM: De novo Malignancies; SIR: Standardized incidence ratio; PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease; SCC: Squamous cell cancer; BCC: Basal cell cancer; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; SOT: Solid organ tumors; NA: Not available; GI: Gastrointestinal.