Extracellular vesicles as mediators of alloimmunity and their therapeutic potential in liver transplantation

Table 1 Clinical trials of engineered extracellular vesicle-based therapies

Treatment target	Trial phase	Source of EVs	EV manipulation	Results
Pancreatic cancer (NCT03608631)	Phase I	MSC, allogeneic	siRNA direct loading	Not yet recruiting
Colon cancer[72]	Phase I	Plant origin	Curcumin direct loading	Active
Melanoma[73]	Phase I	Immature DCs, autologous	Tumor antigen (peptide) direct loading	Safe, well tolerated, mixed responses.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NCT01159288)	Phase II	Mature DCs, autologous	Tumor antigen (peptide) direct loading	Safe, well tolerated, mixed responses.
Non-small cell lung cancer[74]	Phase I	Immature DCs, autologous	Tumor antigen (peptide) direct loading	Safe, well tolerated, mixed responses.
Malignant ascites (NCT01854866)	Phase II	Tumor derived	Chemotherapeutic agent loading	Unknown
Acute ischaemic stroke (NCT03384433)	Phase I/II	MSCs, allogeneic	miRNA loading	Completed

EVs: Extracellular vesicles; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; DCs: Dendritic cells.