Social and obstetric risk factors of antenatal depression: A cross-sectional study in China

Table 1 Sociodemographic and obstetric variables of pregnant women in China (n = 44220)

Variables		Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Sociodemographic variables
Age (years)	18-24	1764	4.0
	24-29	16671	37.7
	≥ 30	25785	58.3
	Missing data	0	0
Residence	Temporary	23857	54.0
	Permanent	20363	46.0
	Missing data	0	0
Employment status	Unemployed	220	0.5
	Employed	43302	97.9
	Missing data	698	1.6
Education (years)	≤ 12	7479	16.9
	> 12	36738	83.1
	Missing data	3	0
Economic status	Low	279	0.6
	Moderate	25338	57.3
	High	18440	41.7
	Missing data	163	0.4
History of mental disorders	Yes	463	1.0
	No	43666	98.8
	Missing data	91	0.2
Obstetric variables
Trimester of pregnancy	First	14740	33.3
	Second	14879	33.6
	Third	14601	33.0
	Missing data	0	0
Gravidity	1	19271	43.6
	≥ 2	22832	51.6
	Missing data	2117	4.8
Parity	0	25650	58.0
	≥ 1	16449	37.2
	Missing data	2121	4.8
Planned pregnancy	Yes	31963	72.3
	No	12092	27.3
	Missing data	165	0.4
Mode of conception	Natural	41146	93.0
	Artificial	2913	6.6
	Missing data	161	0.4
Pre-pregnancy screening	Yes	25127	56.8
	No	18924	42.8
	Missing data	169	0.4

Table 2 Univariate analysis of the association of sociodemographic and obstetric factors with antenatal depression, n (%)

Variables		With antenatal depression	Without antenatal depression	Pearson χ2, P value	OR (95%CI)
Sociodemographic factors
Age (years)	18-24	149 (8.4)	1615 (91.6)	87.012, P < 0.001	2.256 (1.886-2.699)
	25-29	794 (4.8)	15877 (95.2)		1.223 (1.112-1.345)
	≥ 30	1013 (3.9)	24772 (96.1)		1 (Ref category)
Residence	Temporary	1180 (4.9)	22677 (95.1)	33.494, P < 0.001	1.313 (1.197-1.441)
	Permanent	776 (3.8)	19587 (96.2)		1 (Ref category)
Employment status	Employed	1942 (4.5)	41360 (95.5)	0.002, P = 0.965	0.986 (0.522-1.863)
	Unemployed	10 (4.5)	210 (95.5)		1 (Ref category)
Education (years)	≤ 12	432 (5.8)	7047 (94.2)	38.948, P < 0.001	1.421 (1.269-1.581)
	> 12	1524 (4.1)	35214 (95.9)		1 (Ref category)
Economic status	Low	25 (9.0)	254 (91.0)	181.796, P < 0.001	3.281 (2.157-4.993)
	Moderate	1393 (5.5)	23945 (94.5)		1.939 (1.752 -2.147)
	High	537 (2.9)	17903 (97.1)		1 (Ref category)
History of mental disorders	Yes	103 (22.2)	360 (77.8)	352.126, P < 0.001	6.478 (5.179-8.104)
	No	1848 (4.2)	41844 (95.8)		1 (Ref category)
Obstetric factors
Trimester of pregnancy	First	1021 (6.9)	12719 (93.1)	329.936, P < 0.001	2.412 (2.151-2.705)
	Second	498 (3.3)	14381 (96.7)		1.122 (0.985-1.279)
	Third	437 (3.0)	14164 (97.0)		1 (Ref category)
Gravidity	1	839 (4.4)	18432 (95.6)	0.059, P = 0.808	1.021 (0.921-1.112)
	≥ 2	983 (4.3)	21849 (95.7)		1 (Ref category)
Parity	0	1146 (4.5)	24504 (95.5)	3.105, P = 0.078	1.091 (0.990-1.203)
	≥ 1	676 (4.1)	15773 (95.9)		1 (Ref category)
Planned pregnancy	Yes	1247 (3.9)	30716 (96.1)	78.996, P < 0.001	1 (Ref category)
	No	708 (5.9)	11384 (94.1)		1.532 (1.394-1.684)
Mode of conception	Natural	1854 (4.5)	39292 (95.5)	6.922, P = 0.009	1.314 (1.071-1.611)
	Artificial	101 (3.5)	2812 (96.5)		1 (Ref category)
Pre-pregnancy screening	Yes	966 (3.8)	24161 (96.2)	48.590, P < 0.001	1 (Ref category)
	No	989 (5.2)	17935 (94.8)		1.379 (1.260-1.510)

Table 3 Binary logistic regression analysis of risk factors of antenatal depression

Variable	B	SE	Wald χ2	P value	OR	95%CI
Age ≤ 24 years	0.622	0.105	35.419	< 0.001	1.863	1.518-2.286
Residence - temporary	0.038	0.055	0.484	0.487	1.039	0.932-1.158
Employment status - unemployed	-0.081	0.332	0.059	0.807	0.922	0.481-1.767
Education ≤ 12 years	0.183	0.066	7.686	0.006	1.201	1.055-1.367
Low or moderate economic status	0.559	0.052	113.493	< 0.001	1.749	1.578-1.938
With a history of mental disorders	2.224	0.128	300.024	< 0.001	9.248	7.190-11.895
Being in the first trimester	0.927	0.061	233.377	< 0.001	2.528	2.244-2.848
First pregnancy	0.095	0.070	1.852	0.174	1.100	0.959-1.262
Primipara	0.154	0.076	4.135	0.042	1.166	1.006-1.353
Unplanned pregnancy	0.240	0.058	17.436	< 0.001	1.272	1.136-1.424
Natural conception	0.175	0.112	2.422	0.120	1.191	0.956-1.485
Without pre-pregnancy screening	0.157	0.055	8.161	0.004	1.170	1.051-1.304